K. Riska, K. Breivik, S. Eide, O. Gudmestad, T. Hilden
{"title":"Factors Influencing the Development of Routes for Regular Oil Transport from Dikson","authors":"K. Riska, K. Breivik, S. Eide, O. Gudmestad, T. Hilden","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-153","url":null,"abstract":"Year-round oil transportation by ships from the north-western Russian Arctic areas requires a transport system that can achieve a regular and reliable transport under difficult ice conditions. The tankers and the assisting icebreakers must be designed for operation under severe Arctic conditions. Factors influencing the design of the vessels are investigated with special attention to\u0000 o One icebreaker escorting tanker(s) with wider beam than that of the icebreaker\u0000 o Passage through pressurized ice fields\u0000 o Passage through ridge fields.\u0000 Apart from investigating the physics of the above factors, the paper describes the design of the whole transport system.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125127942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bercha, O. Gudmestad, D. Nevel, R. Foschi, Frank Sliggers, Nina Nikitina
{"title":"Reliability of Arctic Offshore Installations","authors":"F. Bercha, O. Gudmestad, D. Nevel, R. Foschi, Frank Sliggers, Nina Nikitina","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-113","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, following an illustration of known failure modes of offshore installations with catastrophic consequences, the concept of integrated reliability is presented. Integrated reliability is the probability that a structure will continue to function in spite of all possible threats of catastrophic failure under all operational and environmental conditions for a designated period of time. Next, a protocol for defining integrated reliability is introduced, risk thresholds in the form of safety classes and consequence categories are presented, and quantitative reliability targets based on the protocol introduced are given. Methods of practical design approaches are also summarized. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work are presented.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124355316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Typical Grounded Ice Rubble Features in the North Caspian Sea","authors":"A. Yergaliyev, T. Brown","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-102","url":null,"abstract":"The North part of the Caspian Sea is seasonally ice covered with ice usually extending from the end of November until beginning of April. There are many types of ice ridges and grounded ice rubble features or “stamukhi” (called in plural by former Soviet Scientists) that may be formed in the North Caspian Sea with large variations in geometrical and mechanical properties. The scope of paper is to present a basic conception on formation of grounded ice rubble features in the North part of the Caspian Sea. Observations and on ice field measurements of grounded ice rubble features were carried out in past five years during the winter ice environment research programs sponsored by Agip Kazakhstan North Caspian Operating Company, N.V. (AgipKCO). The research will be applicable to define the hazards to offshore installations during the design process. Morphological and mechanical parameters, correlations, calculation of force on seabed, sliding resistance will be shown in coming papers.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128055522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Wilkman, Matti Arpiainen, M. Niini, T. Mattsson
{"title":"Experience of Azipod Vessels in Ice","authors":"G. Wilkman, Matti Arpiainen, M. Niini, T. Mattsson","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-134","url":null,"abstract":"In late 1980’s, ABB and Masa-Yards (former Wärtsilä Marine) started the development of azimuth thrusters where the electric drive motor would be in the hub of the thruster. Finally in 1990, ABB and Masa- Yards carried out the pilot installation on buoy tender Seili. The mechanical CPP arrangement was replaced by an Azipod thruster unit and also the main engines were renewed. Since then some 15 icebreaking ships of different kinds have been retrofitted or built with the new revolutionary device. During the further development it was found that the vessels equipped with azimuthing thrusters were able to operate running astern better than before, even better than running ahead. This patented innovation was later developed further for various applications. One of these is the idea of Double Acting Ship (DAS). The principle idea of a DAS is to optimize the vessel into different conditions. For instance MT Tempera (106,000 DWT) is designed to operate in ice running astern and the bow has been optimized for open water. This way the inefficiency (20-40% less efficient in open water) of a typical icebreaking vessel with an icebreaking bow is removed and the vessel can be cost effective in all conditions. This paper describes the development phases of the Azipod device and discusses the full-scale experience of the vessels built. In winter 2006 the two latest installations, Fesco Sakhalin and Norilskiy Nickel, have been tested by Aker Arctic Technology in real operational conditions. Also the experience from these two is discussed. The most recent vessels have onboard a long-term monitoring system for loads on the pod.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122553020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Voelker, A. Sutherland, Harold Owen, Paul Olsgaard, J. Holik, James W. St. John, Aleksandr V. Iyerusalimskiy, David B. Karnes
{"title":"New Generation Polar Research Vessel","authors":"R. Voelker, A. Sutherland, Harold Owen, Paul Olsgaard, J. Holik, James W. St. John, Aleksandr V. Iyerusalimskiy, David B. Karnes","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-103","url":null,"abstract":"In 2003, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated a program to determine the national requirements for polar marine science in the Antarctic and to assess vessel characteristics for a new generation Polar Research Vessel (PRV). This paper describes the results of that investigation. Science requirements included a need for year-round operations covering a wide range of diverse activities in geographic areas currently inaccessible. These requirements were followed by a series of technical studies that provided an assessment of vessel size, hull form, and power plant to successfully operate in 1.4 m (4.5 ft) level ice.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116534007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arctic Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue – Past, Present, and Future","authors":"F. Bercha","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-111","url":null,"abstract":"Escape, evacuation, and rescue plans, systems, and procedures form an integral part of the emergency response capability of any manned installation or vessel. Whether operating in open or ice covered waters, a reliable set of processes for abandoning the installation and moving, possibly following an interim relatively safe residence (e.g., in a safety craft), to a safe haven such as an icebreaker, port, or other vessel or installation, is necessary to provide adequate safety for personnel and in many cases also to satisfy regulations. Although there is no distinction in the level of safety that should be afforded in open or ice covered waters, the development of EER for the latter has fallen far behind in technology, regulation, and analysis even though active operations in ice have been ongoing now for many decades. In this paper, a review of past, current, and developing technologies, analyses, and regulations and standards is given. Past practices dating back to the early days in the Beaufort Sea are quite primitive and fortunately were never tested in a major catastrophe. Considerable attention is being given to use of current developments, including dedicated Arctic systems such as ARKTOS, semi-dedicated systems such as Seascape, and numerous conceptual designs. Supporting multi-disciplinary research including full scale tests, model tests, and computer simulation supports this new technology development. In addition, current standards have been developed by Transport Canada for EER in ice, and ISO WG8 is working on a more general standard for the same purpose. The future is promising: ice resistant lifeboats or TEMPSC’s (IRT), various launching devices to deposit crafts safely in or on the ice, and novel methods of evacuation and rescue, discussed in the paper, are under consideration. Following a review of past, current, and future developments in technological, analytical and research and regulatory areas, the paper identifies the major outstanding problems and makes recommendations for the most promising solutions.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117141895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Propulsion and Maneuvering Model Tests of the USCGC Healy in Ice and Correlation with Full-Scale","authors":"S. J. Jones, M. Lau","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-104","url":null,"abstract":"Propulsion model test results of the USCGC Healy are reported here and correlated with full-scale data. The design requirement for the Healy was for “continuous icebreaking at 3 knots through 4.5 ft (1.37 m) of ice of 100 psi (690 kPa) strength”. The full-scale trials were designed to test this capability. Unfortunately, the ice strength found on the trials was approximately half of that specified. One of the objects of the model tests was to determine the effect of ice strength on the delivered power necessary for the Healy to meet her icebreaking specification. Propulsion overload tests in open water combined with limited ice tests, and the IOT standard method for analyzing propulsion tests in ice, gave consistent results for delivered power, which agreed well with the available full-scale data from the Healy. A correlation friction coefficient of 0.05 was again shown to be appropriate. From the analysis of the resistance and propulsion tests, the Healy, with its total shaft horsepower of 30,000, was shown to be capable of its design requirement. Using a similar analysis, an imaginary “Polar 8” icebreaker of the Healy design was shown to require 85,000 HP to continuously break ice of 2.44 m (8 ft.) thickness, of 500 kPa strength, at 3 knots. Free running maneuvering tests performed in the ice tank gave arcs of circles whose diameters agreed well with the full-scale data of turning circles obtained on the ship trials.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131096418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Ice Loads acting on Spray Ice Islands","authors":"V. Morgan, D. Masterson, J. Bruce, D. Hinnah","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-145","url":null,"abstract":"The magnitude of ice loads imposed onto a structure located in land fast ice, such as an ice island, is usually controlled by the failure mechanism of the ice at the interface with the structure – crushing of the ice sheet or passive edge failure of the ice island. These ice loads are resisted by a grounded ice island through sliding resistance along the seafloor and internal shear within the island. Methods of assessing ice loads imposed on ice islands are addressed, focusing on alternative mechanisms which may result in lower failure loads than using traditional analysis. A comparison is made between the requirements of various codes of practice and guidance documents available to the industry, including the recently updated CSA S471-04. Potential methods of reducing ice loads using monitoring of ice conditions and active operational management are also reviewed and discussed, as well as potential areas for future research and development.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115577186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation on Interaction between Arch Dams and Frozen Water of Reservoir","authors":"Ali Reza Sadat Barikani, M. Hashemiravan","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-144","url":null,"abstract":"“Amir Kabir” concrete arch dam is one of the most important of arch dams which has been built on Karaj River in Iran. In this research, “Amir Kabir” arch dam and water of the reservoir has been modeled with 3d finite elements. Interaction between arch dam and reservoir has been studied with static analysis of the 3d finite element modeling of the dam and reservoir. The results have been shown by displacement of dam crest because of the pressure of ice. The amount of ice pressure which affects on unit length of the dam crest has been obtained from Creager researches and it has been explained in the paper. In this research static and temperature analysis was done on dam and reservoir Static loads consist on weight of the dam, hydrostatic pressure of water and ice pressure as a uniform load affects on dam crest. Also contour of maximum tensile stresses and maximum pressure stresses on upstream and downstream face of the dam was shown.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128657649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Summer Ice Conditions Affecting Vessel Access to the Coronation Gulf Region of Nunavut","authors":"D. Dickins","doi":"10.5957/icetech-2006-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2006-154","url":null,"abstract":"This report reviews the range of expected ice conditions and shipping seasons for ice-strengthened cargo vessels serving the Coronation Gulf region of Nunavut. An earlier feasibility study contracted by the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) to look at shipping to Western Artic communities with deep-sea vessels, formed a baseline reference. The original historical ice database was supplemented by adding the results of recent Canadian Ice Service data on ice clearing trends (1998 to 2003), and selected Landsat 7 images available since 1999. In addition, new material was developed to reflect the present status of Arctic shipping regulations and possible long-term trends in ice severity related to climatic change.","PeriodicalId":368689,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Mon, July 17, 2006","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116209984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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