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Vom „Verbot der besonderen Niveaupflege“ zur Qualitätssicherung im Hochschulbereich 从“禁止特殊水平维持”到高等教育质量保证
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.2.179
Anna-Bettina Kaiser, Dominik Rennert
{"title":"Vom „Verbot der besonderen Niveaupflege“ zur Qualitätssicherung im Hochschulbereich","authors":"Anna-Bettina Kaiser, Dominik Rennert","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.2.179","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Zusammenfassung\u0000 Die Konstitutionalisierung des deutschen Hochschulzulassungsrechts hat entscheidende Gleichheits- und Bildungsfortschritte gebracht. Eine privatisierte Spitzenbildung der Elite, wie sie die großen Forschungsuniversitäten an der amerikanischen Ostküste anbieten, bleibt dem deutschen System zu Recht fremd. Gleichzeitig ist das deutsche System nicht global isoliert. Das Gleichgewicht zwischen der verfassungsrechtlichen Verbürgung offener Hochschulbildung und den Druckpunkten eines international geöffneten Studien- und Forschungsmarktes zu finden, ist nicht Aufgabe der Verfassung. Es kann nur durch den demokratisch legitimierten Bildungsgesetzgeber immer neu aushandelt und justiert werden. Einer der zentralen Bereiche, in denen diese stetig neuen Kompromisse zustande kommen, ist das Kapazitätsrecht. Es hat die Funktion, schwierige Entscheidungen im Detail auszuarbeiten, sie plausibel zu machen und transparent zu begründen. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat das früh erkannt, indem es die normative Gestaltungsmacht des Gesetzgebers betont und den Schwerpunkt seiner Maßstäbe auf die formellen Anforderungen an Verfahren und Begründung gesetzt hat. Diese gelungene Konstitutionalisierung hat über die Jahre einen stabilen Ausgleich zwischen Verfassungsrecht und politischer Reform erlaubt. Sie bleibt auch für neue Reformen offen.\u0000 Dieser Ausgleich gerät erst dann in Gefahr, wenn die verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben auf eine Weise (miss–)‌verstanden und gehandhabt werden, die legitime Reformen behindert – sei es, weil die Maßstäbe zu eng gezogen werden, sei es, weil die Landesgesetzgeber aus Angst vor Niederlagen bei Gericht vor Reformen zurückschrecken. Überkonstitutionalisierung darf den Gesetzgeber nicht davon abbringen, seiner Aufgabe im deutschen Hochschulsystem nachzukommen. Seine Spielräume sind größer, als er selbst denkt.\u0000 Abstract\u0000 For more than fifty years, expansion has rightly been the dominating theme in university reform in Germany, paving the way for broad access to higher education and a modern knowledge society. Now that over 50 per cent of high school graduates enter universities, the federal level (Bund) and the states (Länder) are beginning to complement these reforms with a renewed emphasis on quality in teaching and research, both by improving student to professor ratios and research conditions. But this – gradual – reform shift has raised concerns among Länder administrations, as well as among academic commentators, whether these reforms are feasible under German constitutional law. Ever since the first Numerus Clausus decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht in 1972 recognized a “right to study”, university admission has been heavily constitutionalized. Every piece of reform is subject to close judicial scrutiny whether it unduly limits university capacities to take in new students. A political shift towards increased quality, the concerns go, risks failing overly rigid constitutional standards. But this is not the ca","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"179-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41321247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Die Verwaltung: Volume 53, Issue 2 计划是53号居民做的
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.2
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引用次数: 0
Inhalt 所容纳之物
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.2.toc
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引用次数: 0
Stand und Entwicklung des Fachplanungsrechts im Spiegel der jüngeren höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung 提高了法律的能力
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.2.253
B. Kümper
{"title":"Stand und Entwicklung des Fachplanungsrechts im Spiegel der jüngeren höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung","authors":"B. Kümper","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.2.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.2.253","url":null,"abstract":"The report surveys in two parts the development of the law on project-related planning and thus relates in particular to the planning and approval of space-consuming infrastructure projects such as traffic routes and power lines. For this purpose, German administrative law has long provided for the specific instrument of plan approval (Planfeststellung). In this context, the Federal Administrative Court has extensive first-instance jurisdiction and uses this to shape large parts of German approval law, including beyond the actual area of plan approval law, be it in terms of legal protection and procedure, be it with regard to the requirements of substantive environmental law. On the other hand, the revision of the law on environmental protection induced by the decisions of the Aarhus Compliance Committee and the European Court of Justice has been used by the German legislator to extend procedural specifics of the plan approval to other approval decisions of environmental relevance. This firstly indicates the contours of a general law on project approval and, secondly, the nature of the plan approval as an instrument for the implementation of projects in the public interest is more strongly emphasized.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48472705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Baulemente des unionalen Produktzulassungsrechts 连接工程师工程师
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-04-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.2.151
H. Röhl
{"title":"Baulemente des unionalen Produktzulassungsrechts","authors":"H. Röhl","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.2.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.2.151","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Zusammenfassung\u0000 Das CoC ist ein zentrales Element auf dem Weg zur Kfz-Zulassung. Eine „gültige (…) Übereinstimmungsbescheinigung“ i. S. d. Art. 26 der Kraftfahrzeug-Rahmenrichtlinie 2007/46/EG (RRL) ist deren Voraussetzung, ihr Fehlen kann u. U. Grund für die Aufhebung der Zulassung sein. Will man den Begriff der „Gültigkeit“ bestimmen, ist auf die Funktion des CoC abzustellen. Dieses erfüllt im unionalen Fahrzeug-Zulassungssystem eine Brückenfunktion zwischen EG-Typgenehmigung und Zulassungsentscheidung. Daher ist es notwendig, eine phasenspezifische Fehlerfolgenlehre zu entwickeln, die die einzelnen Elemente (Richtlinie – EG-Typgenehmigung – CoC – Zulassung) sinnvoll aufeinander und mit den jeweiligen Kompetenzen der beteiligten Behörden abstimmt. Die unionsrechtlich angeordnete Einweisung der mitgliedstaatlichen Behörden in bestimmte Zuständigkeiten darf durch den Gültigkeitsbegriff nicht überspielt werden.\u0000Drei zentrale Elemente sind insoweit zu benennen: \u0000Lediglich die Genehmigungsbehörden besitzen die hinreichende technische Kompetenz zur Beurteilung der Genehmigungskonformität.\u0000Die Genehmigungsbehörden verfügen über ein Arsenal an Möglichkeiten, auf die Nichtkonformität von Fahrzeugen zu reagieren, die von einem Rückruf über eine Änderung der Genehmigung bis zu ihrer Aufhebung reichen können.\u0000Die EG-Typgenehmigung macht die Fahrzeuge in Verbindung mit dem CoC im gesamten Binnenmarkt verkehrsfähig. Daher kann sie von den Behörden und Gerichten anderer Mitgliedstaaten grundsätzlich nicht, etwa durch Verweigerung der Zulassung, in Frage gestellt werden. Dieses Ergebnis darf ebenfalls nicht auf mittelbarem Wege erreicht werden, indem dem CoC eine Erklärung über die Richtlinienkonformität entnommen wird und die Zulassungs- oder Marktüberwachungsbehörde eine Ungültigkeit des CoC daraus herleitet, dass die betroffenen Kraftfahrzeuge gegen die Richtlinienanforderungen verstießen und das CoC insofern eine Falschaussage träfe. Die Kompetenz zu dieser Aussage ist in den Händen der Genehmigungsbehörde konzentriert.\u0000Die Übereinstimmungsbescheinigung (CoC) ist keine privatrechtliche Erklärung, sondern die Erklärung eines Privaten im Rahmen einer öffentlich-rechtlichen Regelungsstruktur. Für diese Erklärung ist ein Fehlerregime zu entwickeln, das die Fehlerhaftigkeit nicht kurzerhand mit der Ungültigkeit gleichsetzt. Aus alledem folgt, dass lediglich formelle Fehler und offensichtlich erkennbare Abweichungen von der EG-Typgenehmigung zur Ungültigkeit des CoC mit der Folge des Wegfalls der Zulassungspflicht führen können. Dieses restriktive Verständnis der Ungültigkeitsbedingungen liegt nicht an dem begrenzten Aussagegehalt des CoC, sondern resultiert im Wesentlichen aus dem Erfordernis, das durch die Richtlinie etablierte Fahrzeug-Zulassungssystem funktionsfähig zu halten. \u0000 Elements of European product safety law: The certificate of conformity and its validity as established by the Framework Directive 2007/46/EC\u0000 A valid certificate of conformity (co","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"151-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47818683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Die Verwaltung: Volume 53, Issue 1 管理阶层是53号居民做的
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.1
{"title":"Die Verwaltung: Volume 53, Issue 1","authors":"","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47714372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Jüngere Entwicklungen im Sicherheitspolizeirecht in Österreich 一些奥地利防卫部队的最新进展
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.1.77
S. Storr
{"title":"Jüngere Entwicklungen im Sicherheitspolizeirecht in Österreich","authors":"S. Storr","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.1.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.77","url":null,"abstract":"The Austrian Security Police Act differs fundamentally from that of the police laws of the German Länder. The focus of the Austrian act lies not in the abatement of a “concrete danger” (konkrete Gefahr), but rather to fight a “general danger” (allgemeine Gefahr) by a “dangerous attack” (gefährlicher Angriff). The legal term “dangerous attack” refers to criminal law. There are various “preliminary tasks” which start with the “preparation of a threat” or refer to a “prevention” or “identification of a danger” (Gefahrenerforschung). In particular, there is no principle of separation of police services from intelligence services. The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and against Terrorism (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung), as an organisational unit of the Directorate General for Public Security of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, and special units at the State Police Departments are responsible for the “extended identification of a danger” (erweiterte Gefahrenerforschung) and the “preventive protection against constitutional attacks” (verfassungsgefährdender Angriff). This article also provides information on current developments and challenges such as detention for security purposes, processing of genetic data, body worn cameras and police drones.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"77-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70201961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Harmonisierung der Polizeigesetzgebung in der Schweiz 协调瑞士的执法立法
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.1.63
R. J. Schweizer
{"title":"Harmonisierung der Polizeigesetzgebung in der Schweiz","authors":"R. J. Schweizer","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"Swiss governmental power is divided vertically into three main levels, the Confederation, followed by cantons and communes. Each level has its own - to some extent autonomous - executive, judicative and legislative authorities, which are however obliged to follow higher-ranking cantonal and federal law. In the small Confederation a multipartite police law has developed. In addition to their police laws, the twenty-six cantons have concluded regional and nationwide inter-cantonal agreements for their crossborder cooperation, but also, for example, for the prevention of danger of hooligans. Only to a very limited extent have the cantons enacted provisions for harmonisation, for example with regard to the licensing of private security companies and for police data protection. Further the judical review by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court is essential for the formation of nationwide standards of police law, which is carried out within the framework of an abstract examination of a decree or an intercantonal agreement. For both factual and political reasons, federal police law has developed intensively over the last two decades. In particular, the Confederation is responsible for maintaining special criminal police databases covering the whole of Switzerland as well as for operating search registers linked to the Schengen and Europol areas. However, the Confederation also has executive police forces, namely the so-called Swiss Border Guard, i. e. the customs police, which today assumes the role of a federal police force, as well as a railway police force for the Federal Railways and the bodies responsible for air security. In addition, the Confederation can deploy the armed forces, in a double sense subsidiarily, i. e. to support the civilian authorities (e. g. in securing foreign representations in Switzerland) and cumulatively only in extraordinary situations (e. g. national disasters). However, since federal decrees cannot be subject to a review of norms by the Federal Supreme Court, federal police law develops without regard to the constitutional standards of the Federal Supreme Court. A model law that not only provides a guide for the cantons but would also be exemplary for the Confederation would be conceivable and valuable. Nevertheless, the great legislative autonomy of the member states to date has also repeatedly allowed for creative modernisation, the significance of which is considerable for the comparison of laws within Switzerland.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"63-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70201906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen „Musterpolizeigesetz“ 迈向新的“模范警察法案”
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.1.1
M. Thiel
{"title":"Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen „Musterpolizeigesetz“","authors":"M. Thiel","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Police Law in Germany currently faces diverse challenges. The consensus regarding its basics in legal dogma dwindles, the adjustment pressure is rising, the legal regulations in the German federal states are drifting apart, and the population‘s acceptance of police acts decreases in a worrying way. As a part of a solution strategy, a standardization of Police Acts is currently being discussed; as its basis, a “Template Police Act” may serve. Such templates have been drafted in the 1970s, and a working group, set up by a subcommittee of the German Conference of the Ministers of the Interior, is drawing up a new template act. This template act can be used as a “toolbox” for the legislators in the German federal states after its publication. This article delineates the current challenges and problems, describes the history of the “Template Police Acts”, discusses the criticism against “template legislation” and provides an insight into the work process based on four short examples.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"2-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70201216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Zur Entwicklung des Polizei- und Ordnungsrechts 2013 - 2019 2019年与2019年
Verwaltung Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3790/verw.53.1.99
H. Trute
{"title":"Zur Entwicklung des Polizei- und Ordnungsrechts 2013 - 2019","authors":"H. Trute","doi":"10.3790/verw.53.1.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.99","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an overview of the development of case law in the field of police law over the last six years. Against the background of selected aspects such as the differentiation of the central dogmatic figure of the concept of danger and, above all, the information based interventions of the police which have been shifted further and further towards an approach of precaution, the article analyses some important decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court and critically examines some aspects of the development as well as some important clarifications. However, it cannot be overlooked that case law continues to give the legislator very detailed specifications within the framework of the principle of proportionality, which can easily end up in a petrifaction of the circumstances, especially against the background of possible technical developments and possibly increasing needs for prevention. A considered look at the advantages and disadvantages of the future use of new digital investigation tools could open up new possibilities for the legislature beyond the existing solutions.","PeriodicalId":36848,"journal":{"name":"Verwaltung","volume":"53 1","pages":"99-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70202020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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