Temperature最新文献

{"title":"Cold-induced vasodilation: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Rebecca S Weller, Jacek Buczny, Hein A M Daanen","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2646391","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2646391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nearly a century ago, cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) was first described as repeated episodes of warm blood flow to the fingers during cold-water immersion. Since then, hundreds of studies have examined this phenomenon, yet no comprehensive synthesis exists. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies in which the hand, or parts thereof, were immersed for 30 minutes in water below 20°C. A total of 80 studies met the inclusion criteria. Across studies, the weighted onset time of CIVD averaged 7.9 minutes [7.4-8.3], and the mean finger temperature averaged 10.0°C [9.5-10.6]. Onset time was weakly related to finger temperature during immersion (<i>r</i> = -0.21 to -0.27), supporting the theory that the onset of CIVD is triggered by low local tissue temperatures, while the magnitude is dependent on sympathetic activity. Onset time was longer for hand versus finger-only immersion, for individuals with a larger surface area, and for males compared to females. Onset time was shorter with higher ambient temperatures, in cold-indigenous populations, and with increasing age. To enrich the meta-analysis, we conducted a narrative literature review of the individual factors and previously proposed mechanisms of CIVD. Current evidence suggests that CIVD is mediated by 1) impaired transfer of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves to the smooth muscle of the arterio-venous anastomoses or 2) nitric oxide release from these nerves, however, further research is needed to confirm these mechanisms. Future investigations should prioritize including more females and older adults, as these populations remain underrepresented in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 2","pages":"139-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Finnish sauna heat exposure induces stronger immune cell than cytokine responses.","authors":"Ilkka H A Heinonen, Tiia Koivula, Maija Hollmén, Jaakko Immonen, Setor K Kunutsor, Sirpa Jalkanen, Jari A Laukkanen","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2645467","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2645467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regular exposure to Finnish sauna bathing (FSB) has been associated with reduced morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of FSB on immune cell mobilization, circulating cytokines, and their associations with changes in body temperature. A total of 51 adults - 27 women (mean age 50 ± 9 years, body mass index (BMI) 27 ± 5 kg/m²) and 24 men (mean age 50 ± 10 years, BMI 27 ± 3 kg/m²) - were exposed to a 30-minute session of acute FSB at a temperature of + 73°C. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately after and 30 minutes after the FSB and analyzed for immune cells and 37 cytokines. Subjects were allowed to drink water throughout. FSB increased body temperature from 36.4 ± 0.5°C to 38.4 ± 0.7°C, without altering plasma volume. Total white blood cell (WBC) count rose significantly and remained slightly elevated 30 minutes post-sauna in women. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts increased immediately after the FSB but returned to baseline after 30 minutes, whereas MXD cells (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) remained elevated. The levels of only two cytokines changed significantly. Although only a few correlations were observed between changes in immune cells and cytokines, 18 significant associations were identified between changes in body temperature and circulating cytokines - particularly immediately post-sauna - but not with WBC changes. Thus, a 30-minute session of acute FSB induces immune cell mobilization. The observed associations between changes in body temperature and circulating cytokines suggest that sauna-induced heat stress, along with immune activation, may partly mediate the health benefits of FSB.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 2","pages":"186-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Cover.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2632469","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2632469","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Despite differences in heat dissipation, children's temperature regulation during heat stress is similar to adults' - a systematic review.","authors":"Bareket Falk, Hina A Ticknor, Stacey Woods, Panagiota Klentrou, Diane E Mack","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2631843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2026.2631843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite numerous studies on children's thermoregulation, there is limited collective evidence on thermoregulatory function and its outcomes in children. We aimed to systematically review the existing evidence on the thermoregulatory function during heat stress in children, specifically as compared with adults. Electronic databases were searched for studies assessing core temperature (Tc), sweating rate (SR), and skin blood flow (SkBF) in children and adults. Of the 4683 studies initially screened, 22 met the eligibility criteria, which included 507 research participants (20% female). Of 19 studies that reported Tc, 5 studies reported significantly higher resting and final Tc in children, but the change in Tc was not different between groups in any of the studies. In 19 of 22 studies that examined SR, 16 studies reported significantly lower (13-74%) SR per surface area (or per gland, or absolute) in children compared to adults, while 3 studies reported no significant difference between groups. Of 10 studies that examined SkBF, 7 studies reported higher SkBF in children compared to adults in the chest and/or forearm (16-83%), 2 studies reported lower SkBF in children (in the forearm and finger), and 3 studies reported no group differences in SkBF. In summary, data show similar body temperature regulation in children and adults, despite different use of means of heat dissipation. Inconsistencies among studies reporting differences in heat dissipation between children and adults may be related to differing states of training or acclimatization, as well as to the lack of systematic examination of thermoregulation in girls and women.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 2","pages":"120-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No differential effects among cooling strategies on post-exercise core temperature recovery in male athletes.","authors":"Rachel Caballero, Sonia Navarro, Jenni Vanos, Floris C Wardenaar","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2631850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2026.2631850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Personal cooling strategies are used to lower body core temperature. This controlled cross-over trial evaluates the efficacy of cooling strategies following exercise-induced heat exposure resulting in increased body temperature. Ten healthy active males (25 ± 3 years, 84.5 kg with interquartile range 81.4-89.4) were randomized to a mixed cooling protocol every week within a five-week period. After completing a 60-minute intervention to increase body core temperature, they participated in one of four cooling interventions in thermoneutral (~24°C, ~45% relative humidity) conditions: (1) cool vest (18°C), (2) damp neck towel (24°C) in combination with forearm water immersion (15°C), 3) a combination of all methods, or 4) no intervention. In addition, 500 mL ice-cold water (0°C) was consumed during each cooling intervention (except for no intervention). Time to reach pre-exercise baseline core temperature and physiological responses (gastrointestinal temp-, skin temp- and heart rate) were measured. No significant differences were found between cooling conditions for heart rate (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.15) and body core temperature (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.18). Median cooling rates ranged between 0.02°C/min and 0.04°C/min across the groups with no significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.51). Additionally, cooling duration (time to reach pre-exercise core body temperature) was not different between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.38). Skin temperature decrement between the groups was significantly different (<i>p</i> < 0.001), specifically, control vs. combination (<i>p</i> = 0.029). In conclusion, no significant differences in cooling rate were found between mixed cooling interventions, but in all conditions with an average body core temperature ≥38.3°C gastrointestinal temperature decreased to safe levels within 60 minutes after moving to a thermoneutral room.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 2","pages":"200-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148228732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitual napping in older adults is accompanied by altered heat-loss rhythms across the circadian cycle and reduced coupling between pre-sleep thermoregulatory dynamics and sleep initiation.","authors":"Marine Dourte, Gregory Hammad, Stella de Haan, Michele Deantoni, Mathilde Reyt, Marion Baillet, Alexia Lesoinne, Vincenzo Muto, Fabienne Collette, Gilles Vandewalle, Philippe Peigneux, Christian Cajochen, Christina Schmidt","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2623852","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2623852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermoregulatory processes are closely linked to sleep initiation and maintenance throughout the circadian cycle, and may contribute to the increased tendency to nap in older adults. This cross-sectional study examined whether habitual napping in healthy older individuals is associated with altered skin temperature-derived heat-loss dynamics and their relationship with sleep onset. Thirty self-reported habitual nappers and 28 non-nappers (59-82 y) completed a 40-hour multiple-nap protocol under controlled laboratory conditions, with continuous polysomnography and distal-proximal skin temperature gradients (DPG) recordings. DPG was analyzed across scheduled wake episodes and at lights-off preceding each nap opportunity. Habitual nappers exhibited distinct changes in thermoregulatory dynamics compared to non-nappers. Overall, they had a lower DPG during scheduled wakefulness, particularly during the afternoon nap window (14:45-17:30). Their circadian organization of the DPG also differed markedly: they had a higher 24-hour DPG amplitude, a more pronounced 12-hour component, and an earlier DPG phase than the non-nappers. During nap opportunities, shorter sleep onset latency (SOL) was associated with a faster increase in DPG after lights-off in both groups. However, in habitual nappers, sleep onset occurred more rapidly despite a reduced dependence on pre-sleep DPG increase. Together, these findings indicate that habitual napping in older adults is accompanied by altered heat-loss rhythms across the circadian cycle and a reduced coupling between pre-sleep thermoregulatory dynamics and sleep initiation. Circadian-driven thermoregulatory changes may underlie the greater propensity to nap in older adults and differentiate habitual nappers from non-nappers. However, the causal direction of this relationship requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 1","pages":"102-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical performance in elite male soccer under extreme heat: A case study of the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup.","authors":"Adriano A L Carmo, Roberto C S Souza-Junior, Pedro H S Ferretti, Letícia A Gontijo, Luciano S Prado, Francisco Teixeira-Coelho, Thales N Prímola-Gomes, Toby Mündel, Daniel P Bitencourt, Rafael A Torres-Pinto, Samuel P Wanner","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2623745","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2623745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2025 FIFA Club World Cup was held primarily during the summer season in the Northern Hemisphere, with reports of athletes exposed to significant environmental heat stress. We investigated whether environmental conditions, along with other factors (<i>e.g</i>., time of day, players' age and field position, and club geographic origin), influenced physical performance in this tournament. Information about the performance during 57 matches (<i>n</i> = 1070 observations) was extracted from FIFA technical reports, whereas environmental conditions were obtained through mathematical modeling (ERA5 reanalysis). Linear mixed models were used to identify factors that explained variance in total distance covered and in distances covered at high, moderate, and low speeds. Mean wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) exceeded 28°C in 31 of the 57 matches analyzed, confirming that players were exposed to conditions of extreme heat illness risk. WBGT and air temperature explained total distance and distances at different speeds, while relative humidity explained distance only at high speeds (<i>p</i> < 0.001). More specifically, high WBGT, air temperature, and relative humidity values reduced the distances covered. Other factors also influenced players' performance, including their position and age, time of day, and club geographic origin: longer distances were observed in midfielders/forwards, younger players, in the evening, and in clubs from cold climates (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, the findings from this tournament, which featured many matches under extreme heat, highlight the multifaceted regulation of physical performance in soccer and emphasize the prominent role of environmental conditions in determining the distance players cover at different speeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 1","pages":"71-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulence of airflow matters in human thermophysiological response in the heat: The journal <i>Temperature</i> toolbox.","authors":"Muhammad Abdullah, Shri H Viswanathan, Cibin T Jose, Jennifer Vanos, Ariane Middel, Konrad Rykaczewski, Ankit Joshi","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2620979","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2026.2620979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turbulent airflow is a fundamental characteristic of real-world outdoor and mechanically ventilated environments, yet most thermoregulation models rely on heat transfer coefficients derived from steady indoor airflows with low turbulence intensity. Using an updated Stolwijk thermoregulation model and a turbulence-informed heat transfer correlation, we evaluated the impact of turbulence intensity and integral length scale on human thermophysiological responses. Simulations were conducted across three environmental conditions (hot-dry, hot-humid, temperate), two clothing levels (0 and 0.6 clo), two activity levels (1.2 and 4.0 MET), and air speeds ranging from 0.4 to 5 m/s. Results show that turbulence significantly enhances convective and evaporative heat loss in temperate and hot-dry environments when unclothed. Compared to baseline simulations that neglect turbulence characteristics at equivalent air speed, core temperature differed by up to 0.3°C, and skin temperature by up to 1.8°C, highlighting the potential physiological relevance of turbulence. In contrast, the influence of turbulence is minimal in hot-humid environments and when clothed. These findings demonstrate that turbulence should not be viewed as inherently beneficial or detrimental, but rather as a mechanistic modifier of heat and mass transfer whose physiological impact depends on context, including ambient temperature, metabolic rate, clothing, and the skin-air temperature difference. This work advances the field by introducing a turbulence-resolved approach to support the improved assessment of heat exposure across vulnerable populations, including outdoor workers and athletes, and to guide the design of more effective cooling strategies and ventilation systems, such as fans, based on different climate and personal contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 1","pages":"2-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Cover.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2025.2600231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2025.2600231","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"12 4","pages":"313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12818794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146020095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold exposure and human metabolism: A heterogeneous response across tissues and organs.","authors":"Emily J Tetzlaff, Curtis Hancock, Leander Waddell, Sheila S Gagnon, Kari A Mäkelä, Toni Karhu, Juha E Peltonen, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Dominique D Gagnon","doi":"10.1080/23328940.2025.2599582","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23328940.2025.2599582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cold-induced metabolic responses across human organs and tissues vary markedly and do not regulate metabolism uniformly. The magnitude and nature of these responses differ depending on the type of cold exposure, ranging from mild surface cooling and beta-adrenergic stimulation to deep tissue cooling impacting intracellular biophysical and metabolic properties. Upregulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been proposed to improve whole-body metabolism. Despite its high metabolic activity, BAT mass is typically only 50-100 g and may contribute less than 1% of total heat production during thermogenesis. In contrast, skeletal muscles and white adipocytes may play greater roles in thermogenic and metabolic regulation. Cold exposure triggers a cascade of metabolic responses across tissues, extending beyond fuel partitioning and the regulation of uncoupling proteins. It also alters gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways. In response to cold, the body increases sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to peripheral vasoconstriction and energy substrate mobilization. Brown adipocytes increase mitochondrial uncoupling to produce heat, while skeletal muscle contributes through shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. The liver adjusts glucose production and lipid metabolism, the heart and circulatory system adapt to altered hemodynamic demands, and the kidneys modify fluid balance. Endocrine systems, including the thyroid, amplify thermogenic capacity, and the brain integrates thermal sensing with behavioral responses. Cold exposure also modulates immune function, cytokine profiles and inflammatory pathways across tissues, and shifts in gut microbiome composition influence nutrient absorption, bile acid metabolism and energy homeostasis. These coordinated tissue-specific adaptations enable the maintenance of core temperature during cold stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":36837,"journal":{"name":"Temperature","volume":"13 1","pages":"15-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12962692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}