Journal for Person-Oriented Research最新文献

{"title":"Person, population, mechanism. Three main branches of psychological science","authors":"Lg Lundh","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2023.25814","url":null,"abstract":"There are different ways of dividing psychology into subdisciplines. The purpose of the present paper is to explore one specific meta-perspective on psychological science, seen as having three main branches: person psychology, population psychology, and mechanism psychology, linked to three different levels of research. Person-level research focuses on psychological phenomena as experienced and enacted by individual persons in their interaction with other persons and other parts of the environment, and in their development over time. Population-level research focuses on populations of individuals, frequencies of various psychological phenomena in a population, risk factors, and population-level effects of various psychological interventions. Mechanism-level research focuses on psychological functioning as explained in terms of neurophysiological mechanisms and information processes at a sub-personal level. It is argued that the failure to differentiate clearly between research questions at these three levels lead to questionable research practices. Most notably, a failure to differentiate clearly between the population level and the person level leads to problem-method mismatches in the form of researchers trying to answer questions about persons by research on populations. Also, because of a failure to differentiate between the person level and the mechanism level, explanations in terms of sub-personal mechanisms are too often seen as providing answers about what occurs at the person level, thereby failing to study persons as intentional agents in interaction with other persons and other parts of the environment. It is argued that a clear differentiation between three levels of psychological science – population, person, and mechanism – may contribute to an increased clarity in these matters and may thereby contribute to the development and maturation of psychological science.","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic or relational worldview for talent identification research in sport science? Both—but with a preference!","authors":"B. Charbonnet, A. Conzelmann","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2023.25813","url":null,"abstract":"This paper situates talent identification research in sport science within the broader context of developmental science, offering a conceptual framework informed by two (meta-)theoretical worldviews: the Cartesian-split-mechanistic and processual-relational worldviews. Al-though these worldviews are not explicitly named in the field of talent identification research, we demonstrate their implicit adoption through theoretical and methodological discourse. After comparing applications, benefits, and limitations of each worldview, we briefly discuss whether their bodies of knowledge are incompatible, competitive, or complementary. We suggest each worldview provides complementary insights with a penchant for generating nomothetic and group-specific and type-specific and idiographic knowledge, respectively.","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"102 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Causal Networks: Clinical Utility Evaluated by Therapists and Patients.","authors":"M Andreasson, J Schenström, J Bjureberg, L Klintwall","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25260","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conceptualizing psychiatric disorders as idiosyncratic networks of mutually reinforcing behaviors and emotions has a long history in the form of psychotherapy case conceptualizations created collaboratively by therapist and patient. However, such methods are typically unsystematic and biased by therapist assumptions. An alternative is Perceived Causal Networks (PECAN), a structured online questionnaire in which patients quantify causal relations between problematic behaviors and emotions, and responses are visualized in the form of a network. In the present study, PECAN was evaluated for clinical utility at the start of therapy for five patients screening positive for depression. As expected, the five networks were found to be highly idiosyncratic, with two revealing the expected maintaining feedback loops. Both therapists and patients evaluated the method as useful in the initial phase of a therapy treatment. Although PECAN shows promise as a clinical tool, findings suggest that the method could be improved by including contextual factors maintaining depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9739428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Typology of Counterproductive Employees: A Person-Oriented Investigation of Counterproductive Work Behavior.","authors":"Justin Travis,&nbsp;S Bartholomew Craig","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2023.25256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of counterproductive work behavior (CWB), intentional actions by employees that are deleterious to the organization and/or its stakeholders, has produced research on the dimensionality of CWB, as well as its situational and dispositional antecedents. Absent from these advancements have been investigations into the potential utility of a taxonomy of counterproductive employee types-a \"person-oriented\" approach. Our latent profile analysis (<i>N</i> = 522) suggested a four-profile solution which included one profile with uniformly low rates across CWBs (here termed \"Angels;\" 14% of the sample), and three profiles with higher CWB rates but which were distinguishable by different CWBs being most frequent in each group. Specifically, one profile was distinguished from the Angels group by higher rates of less severe CWBs (misuse of time/resources and poor attendance; 33% of the sample). The other two of the three counterproductive profiles were similar to each other except that one was characterized by higher drug use than the other (14% of the sample). The profiles also differed significantly on narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, and on self-reports of prior arrest and censure by employers. Provided these distinctions among profiles, the treatment and assumptions of employee counterproductivity in research and practice should be revisited, particularly when using models assuming a homogenous, monotonic relationship between counterproductive behaviors across employees. Implications for our conceptual understanding of counterproductivity and applied interventions aimed at reducing CWBs are discussed, alongside recommendations for future person-oriented research on CWB.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10098533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latent Variables Analysis in Person-Oriented Research.","authors":"Alexander von Eye,&nbsp;Wolfgang Wiedermann,&nbsp;Stefan von Weber","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2023.25258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we demonstrate that latent variable analysis can be of great use in person-oriented research. Starting with exploratory factor analysis of metric variables, we present an example of the problems that come with generalization of aggregate-level results to subpopulations. Oftentimes, results that are valid for populations do not represent subpopulations at all. This applies to confirmatory factor analysis as well. When variables are categorical, latent class analysis can be used to create latent variables that explain the covariation of observed variables. In an example, we demonstrate that latent class analysis can be applied to data from individuals, when the number of observation points is sufficiently large. In each case of latent variables analysis, the latent variables can be considered moderators of the structure of covariation among observed variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10098540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proof of Concept Study on Individual Trends in Suicidal Ideation: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of 5 Patients Over Three Months.","authors":"Chani Nuij,&nbsp;Wouter van Ballegooijen,&nbsp;Arnout C Smit,&nbsp;Derek de Beurs,&nbsp;Remco F P de Winter,&nbsp;Rory C O'Connor,&nbsp;Ad Kerkhof,&nbsp;Jan H Smit,&nbsp;Heleen Riper","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2023.25265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2023.25265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicidal ideation (SI) is a significant and long-lasting mental health problem, with a third of individuals still experiencing SI after two years. To date, most Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies of SI have assessed its day-to-day course over one to four consecutive weeks and found no consistent trends in average SI severity over time.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current proof of concept study assessed daily fluctuations of SI over a time span of 3 to 6 months to explore whether individual trends in SI severity could be detected, and if so, if the trajectory of changes were gradual or sudden. The secondary aim was to explore whether changes in SI severity could be detected at an early stage.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Five adult outpatients with depression and SI used an EMA app on their smartphone in addition to their regular treatment for 3 to 6 months, where SI was assessed 3 times a day. To detect trends in SI for each patient, three models were tested: a null model, a gradual change model and a sudden change model. To detect changes in SI before a new plateau was reached, Early Warning Signals and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average control charts were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In each patient, average SI severity had a unique trajectory of sudden and/or gradual changes. Additionally, in some patients, increases in both sudden and gradual SI could be detected at an early stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study presents a first indication of unique individual trends in SI severity over a 3 to 6 months period. Though replication in a larger sample is needed to test how well results generalize, a first proof-of-concept is provided that both sudden and gradual changes in SI severity may be detectable at an early stage using the dynamics of time-series data.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10302657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9739426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Central Role of the Concept of Person in Psychological Science.","authors":"Lars-Gunnar Lundh","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24853","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24853","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"8 2","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9773942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10816937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Idiographic Dynamics between Suicide Ideation and Depression, Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Persons Living with HIV: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Yiqin Zhu, Thomas Rodebaugh, Kevin Narine, Lily A Brown","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24856","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Given that suicide ideation (SI) fluctuates drastically over short periods of time and is heterogenous across individuals, idiographic suicide research is warranted. In this pilot study, we used intensive ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine whether anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms on a given day predicted next-day SI on a person-to-person basis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PLWH (<i>N</i> = 10) with past-month SI completed daily randomly assessed ratings of suicidal urges using the Suicide-Visual Analogue Scale (S-VAS) and daily assessed ratings of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms for 28 days. We used N = 1 Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling to test whether depression, anxiety or PTSD symptoms in the prior day predicted next-day S-VAS for each individual.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all participants, S-VAS on a given day was not predicted by prior-day anxiety, PTSD symptoms or S-VAS. In one participant, higher depression symptoms predicted lower next-day S-VAS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Daily-level data may be insufficient to predict near-term increases in suicide risk based on anxiety, depression, or PTSD symptoms in PLWH. These findings suggest the importance of finer-grained assessments (e.g., assessing suicide risk and its correlates multiple times per day) to better understand changes in suicide risk over time among PLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"8 2","pages":"71-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9773944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10817403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Production Intensively Studied in One Observer.","authors":"Joseph Glicksohn, Batsheva Weisinger","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24219","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If one accepts the notion of an internal clock, then one must further presume that time production (TP) is attuned with the rate of functioning of the clock's pacemaker. As the level of environmental stimulation increases, TP of the same target durations should decrease; this is particularly the case when one is exposed to flicker. In the present exploratory study, wherein the second author served in an <i>n</i> = 1 experiment, we intensely study TP, using a factorial design that crosses a factor of Flicker with one of Counting Strategy, to create 48 different conditions (sessions). In each session, 6 target intervals are produced a total of 6 times in a counterbalanced manner. Our results indicate that as flicker rate increases, produced duration decreases, as predicted. The main effect for flicker was found for the intercept, but not for the slope of the psychophysical function relating produced duration to target duration. Veridical perception is achieved at a flicker rate of 6 Hz. We uncovered no main effect for counting, suggesting that flicker swamps any impact of chronometric counting.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"24-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9186124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40540085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Prior Night's Sleep Impact Next Day's Executive Functioning? It Depends on an Individual's Average Sleep Quality.","authors":"Dian Yu, Carolina Goncalves, Pei-Jung Yang, G John Geldhof, Laura Michaelson, Yue Ni, Richard M Lerner","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24218","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2022.24218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive functioning (EF) is a series of fundamental goal-directed cognitive abilities that enable effective learning. Differences in daily sleep quality may covary with fluctuations in EF among youth. Most studies linking sleep to EF rely on between-person differences and average effects for the sample. This study employed an intensive longitudinal design and examined the within-person relations between self-reported prior night's sleep quality and next day's EF. Students from Grades 4 to 12 (<i>M</i> age= 14.60, <i>SD</i> = 2.53) completed three behavioral EF tasks repeatedly across approximately one semester. The final analytic sample included 2898 observations embedded in 73 participants. Although, on average, sleep did not significantly covary with EF, there was heterogeneity in within-person sleep-EF relations. Moreover, individuals' average sleep quality moderated within-person effects. For individuals with low mean sleep quality, a better-than-usual sleep quality was linked to better EF performance. However, for individuals with high mean sleep quality, better-than-usual sleep quality was linked to worse EF performance. Understanding person-specific relations between sleep and EF can help educators optimize EF and learning on a daily basis and produce positive academic outcomes across longer time periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9178989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40024909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}