{"title":"The Challenge of Zero Touch and Explainable AI","authors":"Biswadeb Dutta;Andreas Krichel;Marie-Paule Odini","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.925","url":null,"abstract":"With ever increasing complexity and dynamicity in digital service provider networks, especially with the emergence of 5G, operators seek more automation to reduce the cost of operations, time to service and revenue of new and innovative services, and increase the efficiency of resource utilization, Complex algorithms leveraging ML (machine learning) are introduced, often with the need for frequent training as the networks evolve. Inference is then applied either in the core directly, or in the management stack to trigger actions and configuration changes automatically. This is the essence of Zero Touch. The challenge that analysts are often faced with is to trace back from the inference or prediction to the original events or symptoms that led to the triggered action, which ML model version or pipeline was used. This paper describes the challenges faced by analysts and provides some solutions.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 2","pages":"147-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255474.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul Harvey;Alexandru Tatar;Pierre Imai;Leon Wong;Laurent Bringuier
{"title":"Evolutionary Autonomous Networks","authors":"Paul Harvey;Alexandru Tatar;Pierre Imai;Leon Wong;Laurent Bringuier","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.927","url":null,"abstract":"The communication networks of today can greatly benefit from autonomous operation and adaptation, not only due to the implicit cost savings, but also because autonomy will enable functionalities that are infeasible today. Across industry, academia and standardisation bodies there has been an increased interest in achieving the autonomous goal, but a path on how to attain this goal is still unclear. In this paper we present our vision for the future of autonomous networking. We introduce the concepts and technological means to achieve autonomy and propose an architecture which emerges directly through the application of these concepts, highlighting opportunities and challenges for standardisation. We argue that only a holistic architecture based on hierarchies of hybrid learning, functional composition, and online experimental evaluation is expressive and capable enough to realise true autonomy within communication networks.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 2","pages":"201-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathan F. Saraiva de Sousa;Danny Lachos Perez;Christian Esteve Rothenberg;Pedro Henrique Gomes
{"title":"End-to-End Service Monitoring for Zero-Touch Networks","authors":"Nathan F. Saraiva de Sousa;Danny Lachos Perez;Christian Esteve Rothenberg;Pedro Henrique Gomes","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.923","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous management capability is the main pillar for paving Zero-touch Networks and efficiently deliver and operate use cases under the light of 5G requirements. To this end, Closed Control Loop (CCL), Intent-Based Networking (IBN), and Machine Learning (ML) are regarded as enablers to automatically executed all operational processes, ideally without human intervention. In this context, the ETSI Zero-touch network and Service Management (ZSM) framework specifies an end-to-end network and service management reference architecture for managing the full lifecycle of services. However, the whole process of service monitoring is not yet well-consolidated in ETSI ZSM. In this work, we propose the Monitoring Model Generator (MMG) component to automatically construct templates for service monitoring. MMG implements a novel methodology where service deployment models and standard information models are used as inputs to generate a high-level monitoring template, called Service Monitoring Model (SMM) and built upon an ontology-based schema based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) vocabulary. We present a proof of concept implementation along with an experimental functional validation of the MMG and using RDF data in turtle syntax and format. The resulting monitoring models are then used to define actual monitoring KPIs and construct management policies in a control loop architecture.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 2","pages":"91-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255483.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction from the Guest Editors","authors":"Nurit Sprecher;Vishnu Ram;Csaba Vulkán","doi":"","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/","url":null,"abstract":"5G networks are expected to provide virtually-unlimited-gigabit and ultra-reliable connections to people and objects, when and where it matters, supporting diverse use cases with an extremely demanding range of requirements (in terms of latency, throughput, reliability, coverage and security, cost targets, etc.). However, building a network that supports a broad array and diverse set of new services, all of which can be set up, dynamically reconfigured, scaled and torn down at a moment's notice introduces several challenges. Unprecedented operational agility is required to allow services to be rapidly deployed, dynamically adapted, and continuously and seamlessly assured. The management layer has in its own scope to maintain the overall capabilities of the network, e.g., to resolve any faults, degradations that might have negative implications on the active services. Additionally, it should be able to dynamically manage the available virtual, transport and radio resources in order to maintain the SLA of the established services within the extent of the intrinsic capabilities and resources of the system.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 2","pages":"i-viii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255470.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DnyaneshwarS. Mantri;Pranav M. Pawar;Nandkumar P. Kulkarni;Neeli R. Prasad
{"title":"Ubiquitous Networks: A Need of Future World of Things","authors":"DnyaneshwarS. Mantri;Pranav M. Pawar;Nandkumar P. Kulkarni;Neeli R. Prasad","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.933","url":null,"abstract":"With an exponential increase in the number of applications and user demand, it is essential to respond to the query of users with fast services and networks used. This is possible only by the use of ubiquitous networks supporting mass media communications. The integration of advanced technologies such as Communication, Navigation and Sensing Services (CONASENSE) and Human Bond Communications (HBC) takes care of sensing, services, data, speed, cooperation, content, and cost of communication. The combination of Data, Technology, and Media used for intelligent computation and communication over the internet could serve the purpose, and that's the urgent demand of growing networks marching towards a fusion of IoT and 5G leading to 6G. IoT with 5G will be the backbone of networks in the future generation network, adding the concept of virtualization at Anytime, Anywhere, Anything, and Anybody. The definition of ubiquitous technology considers it networked, wireless and mobile, to connect a more significant number of users and the world around them. The ubiquitous network connects the D2D, M2M, D2M and uses the ICT and Cloud-based technology to mitigate the QoS parameters. The paper's primary contribution is the proposal of 6G enabling technologies and use cases to demonstrate the need and integration of various prime techniques as IoT+5G+Cloud+AI/ML. The technology road map and proposed C6-WISDOM model illustrate the fundamentals of enabling future ubiquitous networks (6G). It also focuses on the critical requirements of 6G technology in support of ubiquitous networks and identifies the present technologies integrated to provide vertical sustainable wireless networking solutions.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 3","pages":"349-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255453/10255481.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenyi Chen;Kwang-Cheng Chen;Chen Dong;Zixiang Nie
{"title":"6G Mobile Communications for Multi-Robot Smart Factory","authors":"Zhenyi Chen;Kwang-Cheng Chen;Chen Dong;Zixiang Nie","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.934","url":null,"abstract":"Private or special-purpose wireless networks present a new technological trend for future mobile communications, while one attractive application scenario is the wireless communication in a smart factory. In addition to wireless technologies, this paper pays special attention to treat a smart factory as the integration of collaborative multi-robot systems for production robots and transportation robots. Multiple aspects of collaborative multi-robot systems enabled by wireless networking have been investigated, dynamic multi-robot task assignment for collaborative production robots and subsequent transportation robots, social learning to enhance precision and robustness of collaborative production robots, and more efficient operation of collaborative transportation robots. Consequently, the technical requirements of 6G mobile communication can be logically highlighted.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 3","pages":"371-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255453/10255487.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LoRaWAN Link Layer","authors":"Olivier Seller","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.911","url":null,"abstract":"The LoRaWAN Link Layer specification [1] is a communication protocol for the Internet of Things. It targets low power, long range, low cost communication using unlicensed spectrum. Network topology is collaborative, which reduces a lot protocol signalling compared to a cellular network. The device is connected to a network server, and protocol overhead is limited to 13 bytes for any data frame. There are three classes of operation. Class A is optimized for low power operation of end-devices, while class B and class C offer reduced downlink latency. The protocol specification offers several mechanisms to adjust the link layer parameters: adaptive data rate, adaptive power control, variable repetition rate, and channel selection.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255463/10255464.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68113986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NR Sidelink Enhancement in 3GPP Release 17","authors":"Karthikeyan Ganesan;Prateek Basu Mallick;Joachim Löhr","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.922","url":null,"abstract":"3GPP is currently studying enhancements to Sidelink (SL) operations for 5G New Radio (NR) in a Release 17 Work Item which is planned to be finished by end of 2021. The NR Sidelink (SL) Work Item in Release 17 includes several key features targeting reliability enhancements, power saving and coverage enhancements by expanding the scope of NR sidelink to target V2X, commercial D2D use-case and Public safety. This paper provides an insight on the current 3GPP Release 17 NR SL design describing necessary enhancements in the physical, protocol layer to support inter-UE coordination message for reliability enhancement for autonomous resource selection procedure by providing feedback on the half-duplex, persistent collision and hidden nodes. In addition, the power saving feature is addressed by introducing a SL DRX mechanism for the PC5 interface which defines active reception and transmission periods between a TX and the peer Rx UE(s) and also between Tx UE and gNB. Furthermore, this paper outlines details on the Sidelink Relay feature for coverage enhancement by describing possible solutions for UE to Network relay and UE to UE relay.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 2","pages":"79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255460/10255490.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68121009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LoRaWAN Firmware Update Over-The-Air (FUOTA)","authors":"Julien Catalano","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.913","url":null,"abstract":"Firmware Update is a key feature for IoT, especially for LPWA end-devices with 10+ years of lifetime. LoRaWAN Firmware Update Over-The-Air is a set of application layer specifications, including Multicast Setup, Fragmentation, Clock Synchronization, Firmware Management as well as MultiPackage Access, enabling the delivery and management services of firmware updates to several end-devices.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 1","pages":"21-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255463/10255469.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68113988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On 6G Visions and Requirements","authors":"Jyrki T. J. Penttinen","doi":"10.13052/jicts2245-800X.931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800X.931","url":null,"abstract":"6G represents standardized communication systems that will be commercially available in 2030s. Even if the initial 5G networks, basing on the 3GPP Release 15, have hardly started become commercially available gradually as of 2019 and their large-scale deployment is still years away, industry is already keen to envision the justification and performance of the forthcoming generation. While there are no concrete 6G standards produced at this stage, their planning will benefit from realistic indications of the requirements and type of usage. The task is not straightforward as users, including a variety of verticals with their rather different communication environments, are sometimes not capable of expressing their future needs in technical terms nor industry might be able to prognosticate the demand that has not yet equivalence in preceding systems. This paper analyses some of the most important current visions of key standardization bodies and assesses indications of the industry for the potential requirements, service types, use cases, and architectural and functional models that can serve as a building block for the actual realization of the visions. This paper also presents means that can be applied in further interpretation and assessment of the vertical needs and priorities, with examples reflecting the benefits of Network Slice requirements that the GSMA North Americas Network Slicing Taskforce studied for foreseen near future environment and that may be extended to be utilized also in exploration of 6G requirements.","PeriodicalId":36697,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ICT Standardization","volume":"9 3","pages":"311-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/10251929/10255453/10255475.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68097850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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