{"title":"The posterior insula as an independent pain center: Two cases of isolated facial pain-type epilepsy revealed by stereo-electroencephalography","authors":"Jun Zhuang , Lingxia Fei , Hua Li , Qiang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the spectrum of epileptic syndromes, insular epilepsy presents significant diagnostic complexity, making it a challenging entity in clinical practice. The insula, located deep within the lateral fissure, exhibits highly heterogeneous and non-specific ictal manifestations, frequently leading to misdiagnosis as other medical conditions. This study presents two cases of insular epilepsy with isolated facial pain as the sole clinical manifestation. Using stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG), we precisely localized the seizure onset zone (SOZ) to the posterior insular cortex in both patients. Based on SEEG data, we conducted comprehensive analysis of the ictal epileptogenic networks and performed relevant literature review. Our findings aim to enhance clinicians’ recognition of atypical presentations of insular epilepsy and provide novel clinical perspectives and diagnostic approaches for the differential diagnosis of refractory facial pain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100798"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dietary niacin intake and epilepsy: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Ken Ling, Xinghui He, Zhiquan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to examine the association between dietary niacin intake and the prevalence of epilepsy. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 14,236 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2018. Multivariable logistic regression, generalized additive models, and subgroup analyses were employed to assess the relationship. An inverse association was found between dietary niacin intake and the prevalence of epilepsy: for every 10 mg/day increase, the odds of having epilepsy were reduced by 15 % (OR = 0.85, p = 0.0266). Participants in the highest quintile of niacin intake had a significantly lower odds of epilepsy compared to those in the lowest quintile (OR = 0.45, p = 0.0187). This negative association remained consistent across groups with diverse demographic characteristics, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices. Our findings suggest a possible inverse association between dietary niacin intake and the prevalence of epilepsy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amirtha Shekar , Sreekanth Koneru , Charles Ákos Szabó
{"title":"Ictal eructation in a case of idiopathic generalized epilepsy","authors":"Amirtha Shekar , Sreekanth Koneru , Charles Ákos Szabó","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a 57 year-old right-handed female with a history of idiopathic generalized epilepsy since age two years old as well as mild-to-moderate intellectual impairment and behavioral dyscontrol. She was seizure free for many years on ethosuximide, but her absence seizures recurred as her dose was gradually decreased. After raising her dose, she also began to experience falls, at times with decreased responsiveness. She was admitted for inpatient video-EEG monitoring for quantification of her absence seizures and characterization of her falls. Our patient had 3–6 absence seizures per hour. In addition to a brief alteration of awareness, her absence seizures were frequently associated with belching and eyelid myoclonia lasting for 3–4 s. Her belching was correlated with a generalized ictal discharge and was not noted interictally. Several episodes of unsteadiness were noted, at times the patient falling backwards into her bed, but never falling to the ground from a standing position; none of these episodes associated with ictal EEG correlate. In summary, our patient demonstrated and absence seizures with ictal eructation or belching, which has not been reported as an ictal symptom of generalized seizures, and episodes of unsteadiness of unknown characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100820"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mapping change in self narrative after prolonged exposure therapy: An exploration in recovery from functional dissociative seizures","authors":"Jon D. Perkins , Sam Meekings","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored self-narrative transformations in a participant with functional dissociative seizures (FDS) following prolonged exposure therapy. The study aimed to establish emergent themes that indicated psychological challenges and the subsequent psychological shifts that accompany FDS resolution. Two interviews were held one month apart. An open-ended questionnaire was employed in the first interview, followed by a structured questionnaire based on previous findings in the second. Thematic analysis was used to explore the narrative of the transcribed interviews and extract themes. Themes constituted four or more references to the same topic during the interviews. Six main themes were identified. These were, in order of the most prevalent, Emotional and Cognitive Insights (29 %), Understanding and Negotiating Fear (24 %), Detachment and Attachment (21 %), Self-Management and Resolution (18 %), Physiological Insights (13 %) and Shifting Relationships and Social Interactions (11 %). Narratology reveals key features of an individual’s story and offers insight into their psychological experience. In FDS patients, where psychological disturbance may be a causal factor for symptoms, the formation of a coherent self-narrative can be mapped from pathology through to symptom resolution. In doing so, this process identifies important possible narrative markers underlying the psychological processes involved in FDS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100812"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spencer Gunnell, Audrey Nath, Patrick Karas, Todd Masel
{"title":"Lateralization discordance between stereo EEG and scalp EEG in temporal epilepsy: A case report","authors":"Spencer Gunnell, Audrey Nath, Patrick Karas, Todd Masel","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 34-year-old woman with drug-resistant epilepsy underwent simultaneous scalp and stereo-EEG (sEEG) and had seven seizures, three of them without visibility on the scalp EEG. Of the four seizures seen on both sEEG and scalp EEG, the seizure onset in the scalp EEG was ipsilateral to the seizure onset in the sEEG in two seizures and contralateral to the sEEG onset in two seizures. This unusual lateralization discordance of scalp EEG and sEEG highlights the importance of bilateral lead placement in stereo EEG to accurately identify the seizure onset zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"31 ","pages":"Article 100803"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zachary Mills, James Thomas Houston, Ashley Thomas, Kelsey Shoenmeyer
{"title":"Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Novel EEG finding of Fixation-Off Sensitivity","authors":"Zachary Mills, James Thomas Houston, Ashley Thomas, Kelsey Shoenmeyer","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive condition resulting in accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol due to disrupted bile synthesis. Affected tissues include brain, tendons, skin, bone, lungs, and eyes. We report a clinical case presenting with epilepsy, which has been described, however with a particular EEG appearance that appears novel with Fixation-Off Sensitivity (FOS). The patient’s EEG showed significant buildup of abnormal slowing and frontally predominant generalized epileptiform discharges when her eyes were closed, and in contrast essentially normal tracings while eyes were open, eventually showing electrographic evolution and generating a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of CTX, and CTX-specific treatment with chonodeoxycholic acid was initiated in addition to anti-seizure medication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100770"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vijaya Lakshmi Valaparla , Aabishkar Bhattarai , Patrick J. Karas , Diosely C. Silveira
{"title":"Coexistence of Charles Bonnet Syndrome and occipital epilepsy: A diagnostic challenge","authors":"Vijaya Lakshmi Valaparla , Aabishkar Bhattarai , Patrick J. Karas , Diosely C. Silveira","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a condition characterized by complex visual hallucinations in individuals with visual impairment. We present the case of a patient with bilateral optic atrophy secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) who experienced formed visual hallucinations consistent with CBS. Following a right occipital craniotomy for occipital transtentorial approach and tumor resection, she developed elementary visual hallucinations. A thorough clinical history and systematic diagnostic evaluation led to the identification of coexisting right occipital epilepsy. This case highlights an intriguing overlap of two positive visual phenomena with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franziska van den Bongard , Catharina Petersen , Claus Reinsberger
{"title":"Safety and feasibility of exhaustive exercise testing for people with epilepsy","authors":"Franziska van den Bongard , Catharina Petersen , Claus Reinsberger","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People with epilepsy (PWE) are encouraged to participate in exercise and be physically active, but some PWE may report exercise-associated seizures (EAS). However, there is a lack of objective tools to inform individual recommendations for physical activity and exercise participation in PWE. This study investigated the feasibility and safety of exhaustive exercise testing in PWE. 29 patients underwent an objectively and subjectively exhaustive exercise test on a bicycle ergometer and resting state EEG was obtained before and after exercise. One patient with a history of EAS experienced a seizure immediately after exercising. In patients without EAS, an asymptomatic subclinical electrographic seizure was observed in one patient, and two patients revealed interictal epileptiform discharges only after exercise. All EEG changes occurred in the setting of non-REM sleep, while the respective pre-exercise EEG recordings revealed less sleep. No seizures or significant EEG changes after exercise were observed in any other patient. EEG investigations before and after exhaustive exercise were feasible in PWE, but safety protocols need to be established, especially in patients with EAS. Investigation of a higher number of PWE with and without EAS with repeat exercise-associated EEG may provide information about the clinical utility of exercise-associated EEGs when counseling PWE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100762"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heidi M. Munger Clary , Gaston Baslet , Gerardo Maria de Araujo Filho , David Dunn , Alexis Tarrada , Coraline Hingray , Andres M. Kanner
{"title":"Medication reference tables for neurologists: A focus on psychotropic medications in epilepsy","authors":"Heidi M. Munger Clary , Gaston Baslet , Gerardo Maria de Araujo Filho , David Dunn , Alexis Tarrada , Coraline Hingray , Andres M. Kanner","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many psychotropic medications are prescribed to people with epilepsy by neurologists and other non-neurology providers. This article presents summary tables with information on specific psychotropic drug classes (antidepressants, stimulant medications, and antipsychotic medications) including initiation schedules, dosing and indication. Given the overall paucity of epilepsy specific data available, the information is based primarily on regulatory approvals or other general population data, along with unique considerations for epilepsy such as interactions with antiseizure medications. While information is presented across the age span for antidepressants and stimulants, information on antipsychotic medications is focused on the most commonly prescribed medications for adults with psychotic episodes or acutely agitated states. Summary information on psychiatric and cognitive side effects of antiseizure medications and psychotropic benefits of antiseizure medications are also presented. This article is intended to provide a handy reference to neurologists involved in managing mental health in a clinical setting or caring for patients already receiving psychotropic medications for mental health comorbidities. This article provides an overview of a more comprehensive list of psychotropic medications than the case-based articles of the special issue and is intended to supplement the focused and practical information presented in the other articles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100760"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natascha C. da Fonseca , Afsaneh Talai , Daniel Veltkamp , Fabricio S. Feltrin , Dallas Armstrong , Angela Price , Joseph A. Maldjian , Elizabeth M. Davenport
{"title":"Beamforming of ictal MEG aiding subtle focal cortical dysplasia localization","authors":"Natascha C. da Fonseca , Afsaneh Talai , Daniel Veltkamp , Fabricio S. Feltrin , Dallas Armstrong , Angela Price , Joseph A. Maldjian , Elizabeth M. Davenport","doi":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A case is presented of a 17-year-old right-handed male with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), initially presenting with non-lesional MRI findings, where ictal MEG beamforming successfully localized a subtle Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD). His seizure onset began at age 13, with episodes evolving into bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Despite various medication trials and normal initial electroencephalograms, his seizures escalated in frequency and severity by age 16. Subsequent diagnostics were unable to reveal definitive lesions, including a high-resolution MRI and various functional imaging techniques. MEG was performed, capturing two electroclinical seizures but without interictal epileptiform discharges. Frequency-based beamforming analysis localized the seizure onset to the right anterior precuneus and superior parietal lobule. This result prompted a re-evaluation of the same MRI images, revealing subtle cortical abnormalities and pinpointing an FCD. Subsequent stereoelectroencephalography confirmed these findings, and the patient underwent successful Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy, resulting in seizure freedom. This case highlights the utility of frequency-based ictal MEG beamforming in identifying epileptogenic zones and its potential as a powerful tool in the presurgical assessment of DRE patients and non-invasive identification of subtle FCD, especially when traditional methods are unable to localize.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36558,"journal":{"name":"Epilepsy and Behavior Reports","volume":"30 ","pages":"Article 100759"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}