Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-08-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.525
Owen Jensen, Shubhanshi Trivedi, Kelin Li, Jeffrey Aubé, J Scott Hale, Edward T Ryan, Daniel T Leung
{"title":"Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Vaccination.","authors":"Owen Jensen, Shubhanshi Trivedi, Kelin Li, Jeffrey Aubé, J Scott Hale, Edward T Ryan, Daniel T Leung","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.525","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B-cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT-activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens such as <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized murine models of <i>V. cholerae</i> vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT-activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured <i>V. cholerae</i>-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT-cell and B-cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 or a <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and BALF (<i>P</i> < 0.001) of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and higher mucosal (BALF, <i>P</i> = 0.045) but not systemic (serum, <i>P</i> = 0.21) <i>V. cholerae</i> O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model when adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. In contrast, despite significant MAIT cell expansion, no significant differences in <i>V. cholerae</i>-specific humoral responses were found in our live <i>V. cholerae</i> vaccination model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to mucosal cholera vaccines. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT-cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"122-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10120933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-08-23eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.491
Emmanuel Y Merigeon, Dong Yang, Elizabeth A Ihms, Leda C Bassit, Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick, Colleen B Jonsson, Raymond F Schinazi, David S Block, Henrik S Olsen
{"title":"An ACE2-IgG4 Fc Fusion Protein Demonstrates Strong Binding to All Tested SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduced Lung Inflammation in Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza.","authors":"Emmanuel Y Merigeon, Dong Yang, Elizabeth A Ihms, Leda C Bassit, Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick, Colleen B Jonsson, Raymond F Schinazi, David S Block, Henrik S Olsen","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.491","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused concern that a constantly evolving virus will escape vaccines and antibody therapies. New approaches are needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We created and manufactured an ACE2 extracellular domain (ECD) fragment Fc fusion drug candidate, G921, and engineered the compound for enhanced delivery of drug to peripheral tissues by minimizing the size of the ACE2 ECD and by incorporating an Fc domain to enhance transcytosis. G921 was assessed for binding, neutralization, <i>in vivo</i> anti-inflammatory effect, and pharmacokinetic profile.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>G921 was expressed as an IgG4 Fc fusion protein presenting two ACE2 domains to ACE2 ligands while avoiding risk of infection via antibody-dependent enhancement. G921 strongly binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 spike protein and demonstrates further diminished off rate to the spike protein from each of the currently identified variants of concern. G921 demonstrates ACE2 enzymatic activity comparable to positive control and binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without binding to low affinity Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs). G921 is effective in a concentration-dependent manner in a focus reduction neutralization assay with EC<sub>50</sub>=16.3±4.2 µg/mL without cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells when tested at 200 µg/mL in an MTS cell proliferation assay. G921 demonstrates statistically significant reduction of lung inflammation in relevant models of both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. The pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated dose-dependent exposure with a multi-day half-life in monkeys and rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>G921 data are consistent with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory modes of action. G921 is a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and possible other diseases characterized by deficiency of ACE2.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"104-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-06-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.518
Michael J Peluso, Khamal Anglin, Matthew S Durstenfeld, Jeffrey N Martin, J Daniel Kelly, Priscilla Y Hsue, Timothy J Henrich, Steven G Deeks
{"title":"Effect of Oral Nirmatrelvir on Long COVID Symptoms: 4 Cases and Rationale for Systematic Studies.","authors":"Michael J Peluso, Khamal Anglin, Matthew S Durstenfeld, Jeffrey N Martin, J Daniel Kelly, Priscilla Y Hsue, Timothy J Henrich, Steven G Deeks","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.518","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Efforts to understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccine status, and treatment on the development and persistence of Long COVID have intensified.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We report 4 sequential cases from a post-COVID cohort study demonstrating variability in outcomes following differentially timed nirmatrelvir therapy, received as part of clinical care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the first case, the participant experienced symptomatic rebound and developed Long COVID despite early initiation of antiviral therapy. In the next 2 cases, participants reported improvement in persistent COVID symptoms when nirmatrelvir was taken 25 and 60 days following initial symptom onset. In the final case, an individual with presumed Long COVID for 2 years reported substantial improvement in chronic symptoms when taking nirmatrelvir following SARS-CoV-2 re-infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These anecdotes suggest that systematic study of antiviral therapy for Long COVID is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"95-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9972696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-06-23eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.499
Elizabeth M Fernander, Pontian Adogamhe, Dibyadyuti Datta, Caitlin Bond, Yi Zhao, Paul Bangirana, Andrea L Conroy, Robert O Opoka, Chandy C John
{"title":"Elevated Plasma Soluble ST2 Levels are Associated With Neuronal Injury and Neurocognitive Impairment in Children With Cerebral Malaria.","authors":"Elizabeth M Fernander, Pontian Adogamhe, Dibyadyuti Datta, Caitlin Bond, Yi Zhao, Paul Bangirana, Andrea L Conroy, Robert O Opoka, Chandy C John","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.499","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Murine experimental cerebral malaria studies suggest both protective and deleterious central nervous system effects from alterations in the interleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2 pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed whether soluble ST2 (sST2) was associated with neuronal injury or cognitive impairment in a cohort of Ugandan children with cerebral malaria (CM, n=224) or severe malarial anemia (SMA, n=193).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasma concentrations of sST2 were higher in children with CM than in children with SMA or in asymptomatic community children. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sST2 levels were elevated in children with CM compared with North American children. Elevated plasma and CSF ST2 levels in children with CM correlated with increased endothelial activation and increased plasma and CSF levels of tau, a marker of neuronal injury. In children with CM who were ≥5 years of age at the time of their malaria episode, but not in children <5 years of age, elevated risk factor-adjusted plasma levels of sST2 were associated with worse scores for overall cognitive ability and attention over a 2-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study findings suggest that sST2 may contribute to neuronal injury and long-term neurocognitive impairment in older children with CM.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"60-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10332970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-06-21eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.512
Dongyan Xu, Thriveen S C Mana, Jennifer L Cadnum, Abhishek Deshpande, Faezeh Afsari, Naseer Sangwan, Curtis J Donskey
{"title":"Why Does Doxycycline Pose a Relatively Low Risk for Promotion of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection?","authors":"Dongyan Xu, Thriveen S C Mana, Jennifer L Cadnum, Abhishek Deshpande, Faezeh Afsari, Naseer Sangwan, Curtis J Donskey","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i1.512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical studies suggest that doxycycline poses a low risk for promotion of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection, but the microbiologic explanation for this finding is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mice treated with oral doxycycline, oral azithromycin, subcutaneous ceftriaxone, doxycycline plus ceftriaxone, or azithromycin plus ceftriaxone were challenged with 10<sup>4</sup> colony-forming units of 2 different <i>C. difficile</i> strains on day 2 of 5 of treatment. The concentration of <i>C. difficile</i> was measured in stool 2 and 5 days after challenge. The impact of the treatments on the microbiota was assessed by sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Doxycycline and azithromycin treatment did not promote colonization by either <i>C. difficile</i> strain in comparison to saline controls. Doxycycline treatment significantly reduced ceftriaxone-induced overgrowth of a <i>C. difficile</i> strain with doxycycline minimum-inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.06 µg/mL (<i>P</i><0.01) but not a strain with doxycycline MIC of 48 µg/mL (<i>P</i>>0.05); azithromycin treatment did not reduce ceftriaxone-induced overgrowth of either strain. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed significantly lower bacterial diversity in the stool of ceftriaxone-treated mice, in comparison to doxycycline-treated and azithromycin-treated mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that doxycycline may have a low propensity to promote <i>C. difficile</i> colonization because it causes relatively limited alteration of the indigenous microbiota that provide colonization resistance and because it provides inhibitory activity against some <i>C. difficile</i> strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"81-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9254868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40580368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Jensen, S. Trivedi, Kelin Li, J. Aubé, J. Hale, E. Ryan, D. Leung
{"title":"Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of Vibrio cholerae O1 Vaccination","authors":"O. Jensen, S. Trivedi, Kelin Li, J. Aubé, J. Hale, E. Ryan, D. Leung","doi":"10.1101/2022.06.17.496603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.17.496603","url":null,"abstract":"Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens. Methods We utilized murine models of Vibrio cholerae vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured V. cholerae-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses, and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT cell and B cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live V. cholerae O1 or a V. cholerae O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Results We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and increases in BALF V. cholerae O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. No significant differences in humoral responses were found in our live V. cholerae vaccination model. Conclusions Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to a mucosal cholera vaccine. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines. One Sentence Summary Targeting mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells with a mucosal adjuvant in an intranasal cholera vaccine model resulted in significant expansion of lung MAIT cells, but limited improvements in cholera-specific antibody responses.","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"122 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46725792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-06-16eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.497
Margarete Teresa Gottardo de Almeida, Bianca Gottardo de Almeida, João Paulo Zen Siqueira, Gabriela Byzynski Soares, Vinicius Sigari Morais, Fátima Maria Mitsue Yasuoka, Filippo Ghiglieno
{"title":"Ultraviolet-C Light-emitting Device Against Microorganisms in Beauty Salons.","authors":"Margarete Teresa Gottardo de Almeida, Bianca Gottardo de Almeida, João Paulo Zen Siqueira, Gabriela Byzynski Soares, Vinicius Sigari Morais, Fátima Maria Mitsue Yasuoka, Filippo Ghiglieno","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.497","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ultraviolet light in the UV-C band is also known as germicidal radiation, and it is widely used for decontamination and disinfection of environments, water, and food. The ultraviolet source transfers electromagnetic energy from a mercury arc lamp to an organism's genetic material. When UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it destroys the cell's ability to reproduce, through a physical and not chemical process. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of a new UV-C generating device (Asepsis) against clinically important microorganisms that may be present in beauty centers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We present here a set of tests performed on tools easy to find in beauty salons (hair-brushes, nail pliers, makeup brushes, and, due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, face mask samples). They were individually contaminated with bacteria (<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus</i>), fungi (<i>Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur</i>), and the Chikungunya virus. Different times of exposure were evaluated (1, 3, and 5 minutes).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was notable reduction in the microbial load in every test, in comparison with control groups. Best results were observed on face mask samples, while the makeup brush showed less reduction, even with longer periods of exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Beauty salons present a risk of infections due to microbial exposure. The device tested can efficiently inactivate, in a short time, microorganisms contaminating most tools found in this setting. The device also showed promising results against enveloped virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9249058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40476693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erica Ollmann Saphire: How the Study of HIV and Other Viruses Informed the Rapid Development of Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies Against COVID-19","authors":"N. Greenspan","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i1.515","url":null,"abstract":"Neil Greenspan, professor of pathology at Case Western Reserve University and senior editor at Pathogens and Immunity talks with Erica Ollmann Saphire, President and Chief Executive Officer of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology, about her work on hemorrhagic fever viruses and SARS-CoV-2. She'll be speaking about these topics at the Keystone Symposium, Lessons from the Pandemic: Responding to Emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases. Dr. Sapphire is an eminent structural biologist devoted to understanding viral pathogens and pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"41 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41700094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-02-25eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.495
Jennifer L Cadnum, Heba Alhmidi, Curtis J Donskey
{"title":"Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: Use of Carbon Dioxide Monitoring to Assess Ventilation During Travel.","authors":"Jennifer L Cadnum, Heba Alhmidi, Curtis J Donskey","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i1.495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Travel poses a risk for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory viruses. Poorly ventilated indoor settings pose a particularly high risk for transmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used carbon dioxide measurements to assess adequacy of ventilation during 5 trips that included air travel. During selected parts of each trip that involved indoor settings, we monitored carbon dioxide levels every 1 minute and recorded peak levels and the number of people present. Carbon dioxide readings above 800 parts per million (ppm) were considered an indicator of suboptimal ventilation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Carbon dioxide levels remained below 800 ppm during train rides to and from the airport and inside airports except in a crowded boarding area with ~300 people present. Carbon dioxide levels exceeded 800 ppm inside the airplanes, but the air was filtered with high efficiency particulate air filters. Carbon dioxide levels remained below 800 ppm in common areas of a hotel but exceeded 800 ppm in a hotel room with 2 to 3 occupants and in a fitness center with 3 people exercising. In restaurants, carbon dioxide levels increased above 800 ppm during crowded conditions with 24 or more people present and 75% or more seat occupancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that ventilation may be sufficient to minimize the risk for airborne transmission in many situations during travel. However, ventilation may be suboptimal in some areas or under certain conditions such as in hotel rooms or when restaurants, fitness centers, or airplane boarding areas are crowded. There is a need for larger scale studies to assess the quality of ventilation in a wide range of community settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8932639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40311596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogens and ImmunityPub Date : 2022-02-04eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.479
Ashley Rawson, Vijay Saxena, Hongyu Gao, Jenaya Hooks, Xiaoling Xuei, Patrick McGuire, Takashi Hato, David S Hains, Ryan M Anderson, Andrew L Schwaderer
{"title":"A Pilot Single Cell Analysis of the Zebrafish Embryo Cellular Responses to Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection.","authors":"Ashley Rawson, Vijay Saxena, Hongyu Gao, Jenaya Hooks, Xiaoling Xuei, Patrick McGuire, Takashi Hato, David S Hains, Ryan M Anderson, Andrew L Schwaderer","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i1.479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (UPEC) infections are common and when they disseminate can be of high morbidity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied the effects of UPEC infection using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in zebrafish. Bulk RNA sequencing has historically been used to evaluate gene expression patterns, but scRNAseq allows gene expression to be evaluated at the single cell level and is optimal for evaluating heterogeneity within cell types and rare cell types. Zebrafish cohorts were injected with either saline or UPEC, and scRNAseq and canonical pathway analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Canonical pathway analysis of scRNAseq data provided key information regarding innate immune pathways in the cells determined to be thymus cells, ionocytes, macrophages/monocytes, and pronephros cells. Pathways activated in thymus cells included interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling and production of reactive oxygen species. Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis was a leading canonical pathway in the pronephros and macrophages. Genes that were downregulated in UPEC vs saline exposed embryos involved the cellular response to the Gram-negative endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and included Forkhead Box O1a <i>(Foxo1a)</i>, Tribbles Pseudokinase 3 (<i>Trib3)</i>, Arginase 2 (<i>Arg2)</i> and Polo Like Kinase 3 (<i>Plk3).</i></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Because 4-day post fertilization zebrafish embryos only have innate immune systems, the scRNAseq provides insights into pathways and genes that cell types utilize in the bacterial response. Based on our analysis, we have identified genes and pathways that might serve as genetic targets for treatment and further investigation in UPEC infections at the single cell level.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8843076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39933708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}