Pathogens and Immunity最新文献

{"title":"Military Medicine and Medical Research as a Source of Inspiration and Innovation to Solve National Security and Health Challenges in the 21st Century.","authors":"Nanak S Dhillon,&nbsp;Nayeon Jeon,&nbsp;Umut A Gurkan,&nbsp;Anirban Sen Gupta,&nbsp;Robert A Bonomo,&nbsp;Lawrence F Drummy,&nbsp;Mei Zhang,&nbsp;Mark R Chance","doi":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.596","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The history of military medicine and research is rife with examples of novel treatments and new approaches to heal and cure soldiers and others impacted by war's devastation. In the 21st century, new threats, like climate change, are combined with traditional threats, like geopolitical conflict, to create novel challenges for our strategic interests. Extreme and inaccessible environments provide heightened risks for warfighter exposure to dangerous bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as exposure to toxic substances and extremes of temperature, pressure, or both providing threats to performance and eroding resilience. Back home, caring for our veterans is also a health-care priority, and the diseases of veterans increasingly overlap with the health needs of an aging society. These trends of climate change, politics, and demographics suggest performance evaluation and resilience planning and response are critical to assuring both warfighter performance and societal health. The Cleveland ecosystem, comprising several hospitals, a leading University, and one of the nation's larger Veteran's Health Administration systems, is ideal for incubating and understanding the response to these challenges. In this review, we explore the interconnections of collaborations between Defense agencies, particularly Air Force and Army and academic medical center-based investigators to drive responses to the national health security challenges facing the United States and the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"8 1","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10550252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41151310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohematologic Biomarkers in COVID-19: Insights into Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Prevention.","authors":"David R Sweet,&nbsp;Michael L Freeman,&nbsp;David A Zidar","doi":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.572","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had profound effects on the health of individuals and on healthcare systems worldwide. While healthcare workers on the frontlines have fought to quell multiple waves of infection, the efforts of the larger research community have changed the arch of this pandemic as well. This review will focus on biomarker discovery and other efforts to identify features that predict outcomes, and in so doing, identify possible effector and passenger mechanisms of adverse outcomes. Identifying measurable soluble factors, cell-types, and clinical parameters that predict a patient's disease course will have a legacy for the study of immunologic responses, especially stimuli, which induce an overactive, yet ineffectual immune system. As prognostic biomarkers were identified, some have served to represent pathways of therapeutic interest in clinical trials. The pandemic conditions have created urgency for accelerated target identification and validation. Collectively, these COVID-19 studies of biomarkers, disease outcomes, and therapeutic efficacy have revealed that immunologic systems and responses to stimuli are more heterogeneous than previously assumed. Understanding the genetic and acquired features that mediate divergent immunologic outcomes in response to this global exposure is ongoing and will ultimately improve our preparedness for future pandemics, as well as impact preventive approaches to other immunologic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"8 1","pages":"17-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10324469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Community-Driven Framework to Prioritize the Use of Donated Human Biological Materials in the Context of HIV Cure-Related Research at the End of Life.","authors":"Karine Dubé, Thomas J Villa, Jeff Taylor, Andy Kaytes, David J Moore, Susan J Little, Antoine Chaillon, Davey M Smith, Sara Gianella","doi":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.583","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v8i1.583","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Initiated in 2017 after extensive community engagement, the Last Gift program enrolls altruistic volunteers willing to donate their cells and tissues at the end of life to allow studies on HIV reservoir dynamics across anatomical sites. As the Last Gift team received tissue requests outside the scope of HIV cure research, we noticed the absence of guiding frameworks to help prioritize the use of altruistically donated human biological materials. In this commentary, we present a proposed framework for prioritizing the use of donated human biological materials within and outside the end-of-life (EOL) HIV cure research context, using the Last Gift study as an example. First, we discuss regulatory and policy considerations, and highlight key ethical values to guide prioritization decisions. Second, we present our prioritization framework and share some of our experiences prioritizing requests for donated human biological materials within and outside EOL HIV cure research.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10225111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9586919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-1 is Transported into the Central Nervous System by Trafficking Infected Cells.","authors":"Laura P Kincer, Gretja Schnell, Ronald Swanstrom, Melissa B Miller, Serena Spudich, Joseph J Eron, Richard W Price, Sarah B Joseph","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.524","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In this work, we carried out a cross-sectional study examining HIV-1 and HCV free virus concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to determine whether HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) passively as virus particles or in the context of migrating infected cells. If virions migrate freely across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) or the blood-brain barrier (BBB) then HCV and HIV-1 would be detectable in the CSF at proportions similar to that in the blood. Alternatively, virus entry as an infected cell would favor selective entry of HIV-1.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured HIV-1 and HCV viral loads in the CSF and blood plasma of 4 co-infected participants who were not on antiviral regimens for either infection. We also generated HIV-1 <i>env</i> sequences and performed phylogenetic analyses to determine whether HIV-1 populations in the CSF of these participants were being maintained by local replication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While CSF samples taken from all participants had detectable levels of HIV-1, HCV was not detectable in any of the CSF samples despite participants having HCV concentrations in their blood plasma, which exceeded that of HIV-1. Further, there was no evidence of compartmentalized HIV-1 replication in the CNS (Supplementary Figure 1). These results are consistent with a model where HIV-1 particles cross the BBB or the BCSFB within infected cells. In this scenario, we would expect HIV-1 to reach the CSF more readily because the blood contains a much greater number of HIV-infected cells than HCV-infected cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HCV entry into the CSF is restricted, indicating that virions do not freely migrate across these barriers and supporting the concept that HIV-1 is transported across the BCSFB and/or BBB by the migration of HIV-infected cells as part of an inflammatory response or normal surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 2","pages":"131-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9973728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9474112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines.","authors":"Lela Kardava,&nbsp;Clarisa M Buckner,&nbsp;Susan Moir","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.550","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter with the pathogen or its variants. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid deployment of effective vaccines have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the immune response to a new yet rapidly evolving pathogen. Here we review the scientific literature and our efforts to understand antibody and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the effect of SARSCoV-2 infection on both primary and secondary immune responses, and how repeated exposures may impact outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 2","pages":"93-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9836209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9114880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pandemics and the English Language: Concepts Critical for Conversing About COVID-19.","authors":"Neil S Greenspan,&nbsp;Guillermo A Pereda","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i2.542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We consider the multiple senses of several key terms that are used to discuss the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and clarify meanings of the corresponding concepts. Topics addressed include: 1) the meaning of immunity to an infectious agent in varying medical and scientific contexts, 2) the scientific factors that influenced the rapid generation and clinical implementation of safe and effective vaccines for COVID-19, 3) the difference between mutational abrogation of reactivity with B- or T-cell antigen receptors (immune escape) versus active interference with host immune mechanisms mediated by gene products encoded within the genome of the infectious agent (immune evasion), 4) the different ways by which the COVID-19 pandemic has \"caused\" deaths, and 5) briefly, the challenge of precisely defining the term <i>pathogen</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"78-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9671210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40699733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Evidence on the Effectiveness of Plexiglass Barriers in Reducing Aerosol Exposure.","authors":"Jennifer L Cadnum,&nbsp;Annette L Jencson,&nbsp;Samir Memic,&nbsp;Andrew O Osborne,&nbsp;Maria M Torres-Teran,&nbsp;Brigid M Wilson,&nbsp;Abhishek Deshpande,&nbsp;Curtis J Donskey","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v7i2.533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\u0000 <i>Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Foundation ©2022. All Rights Reserved.</i>\u0000 </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Barriers are commonly installed in workplace situations where physical distancing cannot be maintained to reduce the risk for transmission of respiratory viruses. Although some types of barriers have been shown to reduce exposure to aerosols in laboratory-based testing, limited information is available on the efficacy of barriers in real-world settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In an acute care hospital, we tested the effectiveness of in-use plexiglass barriers in reducing exposure of staff to aerosolized particles. A nebulizer was used to release 5% NaCl aerosol 1 meter from staff members with and without the barrier positioned between the point of aerosol release and the hospital staff. Particle counts on the staff side of the barrier were measured using a 6-channel particle counter. A condensed moisture (fog) generating device was used to visualize the airflow patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 13 in-use barriers tested, 6 (46%) significantly reduced aerosol particle counts detected behind the barrier, 6 (46%) reduced particle counts to a modest, non-significant degree, and 1 (8%) significantly increased particle counts behind the barrier. Condensed moisture fog accumulated in the area where staff were seated behind the barrier that increased particle exposure, but not behind the other barriers. After repositioning the ineffective barrier, the condensed moisture fog no longer accumulated behind the barrier and aerosol exposure was reduced.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In real-world settings, plexiglass barriers vary widely in effectiveness in reducing staff exposure to aerosols, and some barriers may increase risk for exposure if not positioned correctly. Devices that visualize airflow patterns may be useful as simple tools to assess barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"66-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9651177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40687274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Bacteriophages for Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Animals and Humans.","authors":"Panagiotis Zagaliotis, Jordyn Michalik-Provasek, Jason J Gill, Thomas J Walsh","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.516","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i2.516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are an increasingly serious health threat causing worldwide nosocomial infections with high morbidity and mortality. Of these, the most prevalent and severe are <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii,</i> and <i>Salmonella typhimurium.</i> The extended use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug resistance in these bacteria. Drug-inactivating enzymes produced by these bacteria, as well as other resistance mechanisms, render drugs ineffective and make treatment of such infections more difficult and complicated. This makes the development of novel antimicrobial agents an urgent necessity. Bacteriophages, which are bacteria-killing viruses first discovered in 1915, have been used as therapeutic antimicrobials in the past, but their use was abandoned due to the widespread availability of antibiotics in the 20th century. The emergence, however, of drug-resistant pathogens has re-affirmed the need for bacteriophages as therapeutic strategies. This review describes the use of bacteriophages as novel agents to combat this rapidly emerging public health crisis by comprehensively enumerating and discussing the innovative use of bacteriophages in both animal models and in patients infected by Gram-negative bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40438666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of a MAIT-Activating Ligand, 5-OP-RU, as a Mucosal Adjuvant in a Murine Model of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Vaccination.","authors":"Owen Jensen, Shubhanshi Trivedi, Kelin Li, Jeffrey Aubé, J Scott Hale, Edward T Ryan, Daniel T Leung","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.525","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells enriched in the mucosa with capacity for B-cell help. We hypothesize that targeting MAIT cells, using a MAIT-activating ligand as an adjuvant, could improve mucosal vaccine responses to bacterial pathogens such as <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized murine models of <i>V. cholerae</i> vaccination to test the adjuvant potential of the MAIT-activating ligand, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). We measured <i>V. cholerae</i>-specific antibody and antibody-secreting cell responses and used flow cytometry to examine MAIT-cell and B-cell phenotype, in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mucosal tissues, following intranasal vaccination with live <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 or a <i>V. cholerae</i> O1 polysaccharide conjugate vaccine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report significant expansion of MAIT cells in the lungs (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and BALF (<i>P</i> < 0.001) of 5-OP-RU treated mice, and higher mucosal (BALF, <i>P</i> = 0.045) but not systemic (serum, <i>P</i> = 0.21) <i>V. cholerae</i> O-specific-polysaccharide IgG responses in our conjugate vaccine model when adjuvanted with low-dose 5-OP-RU. In contrast, despite significant MAIT cell expansion, no significant differences in <i>V. cholerae</i>-specific humoral responses were found in our live <i>V. cholerae</i> vaccination model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a murine model, we demonstrate the potential, as well as the limitations, of targeting MAIT cells to improve antibody responses to mucosal cholera vaccines. Our study highlights the need for future research optimizing MAIT-cell targeting for improving mucosal vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"7 1","pages":"122-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10120933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ACE2-IgG4 Fc Fusion Protein Demonstrates Strong Binding to All Tested SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduced Lung Inflammation in Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza.","authors":"Emmanuel Y Merigeon, Dong Yang, Elizabeth A Ihms, Leda C Bassit, Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick, Colleen B Jonsson, Raymond F Schinazi, David S Block, Henrik S Olsen","doi":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.491","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v7i1.491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused concern that a constantly evolving virus will escape vaccines and antibody therapies. New approaches are needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We created and manufactured an ACE2 extracellular domain (ECD) fragment Fc fusion drug candidate, G921, and engineered the compound for enhanced delivery of drug to peripheral tissues by minimizing the size of the ACE2 ECD and by incorporating an Fc domain to enhance transcytosis. G921 was assessed for binding, neutralization, <i>in vivo</i> anti-inflammatory effect, and pharmacokinetic profile.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>G921 was expressed as an IgG4 Fc fusion protein presenting two ACE2 domains to ACE2 ligands while avoiding risk of infection via antibody-dependent enhancement. G921 strongly binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 spike protein and demonstrates further diminished off rate to the spike protein from each of the currently identified variants of concern. G921 demonstrates ACE2 enzymatic activity comparable to positive control and binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without binding to low affinity Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs). G921 is effective in a concentration-dependent manner in a focus reduction neutralization assay with EC₅₀=16.3±4.2 µg/mL without cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells when tested at 200 µg/mL in an MTS cell proliferation assay. G921 demonstrates statistically significant reduction of lung inflammation in relevant models of both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. The pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated dose-dependent exposure with a multi-day half-life in monkeys and rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>G921 data are consistent with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory modes of action. G921 is a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and possible other diseases characterized by deficiency of ACE2.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":" ","pages":"104-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9438944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}