Pathogens and Immunity最新文献

{"title":"John Perfect Shares Insights on Infectious Diseases, Antifungal Therapy, and Drug Resistance.","authors":"Mahmoud Ghannoum, Robert A Bonomo","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.886","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.886","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this engaging interview, Dr. John Perfect reflects on his distinguished career in infectious diseases, focusing on his early scientific interests, his pivotal experiences during the emergence of HIV/AIDS, and his extensive research on fungal pathogens, particularly <i>Cryptococcus</i>. Dr. Perfect discusses the evolution of antifungal therapies, the challenges of drug resistance, the promise of molecular diagnostics and immunotherapies, and the complexities faced in clinical research. He emphasizes the importance of mentorship and optimism for future generations of scientists, concluding with a message of hope and encouragement for ongoing innovation and resilience in medical science.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12435578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Interplay of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and Peripheral Inflammation in Platelet Dysfunction During Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","authors":"Mariangela Scavone, Roberta Rovito, Claudia Ghali, Antonella Fioretti, Bianca Clerici, Elena Bossi, Camilla Tincati, Andrea Santoro, Elisa Borghi, Gian Marco Podda, Giulia Marchetti","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.823","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Circulating degranulated platelets have been described during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated with COVID-19 complications. This study investigated the relationship between the presence of plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA (ie, SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia), systemic inflammation, and platelet dysfunction in a group of patients with COVID-19. Unlike our previous publication, which focused on platelet characterization, this work explores potential determinants of platelet activation, based on a distinct subset of patients with available stored samples.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with COVID-19 were stratified by platelet δ-granule content using the luciferin/luciferase assay into 2 groups: normal (COV_δ-norm) and low (COV_δ-low). Plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia (RT-qPCR), cytokines, and chemokines (Cytometric Bead Array) were quantified on plasma samples. Markers of platelet activation were measured by flow cytometry in whole blood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 75 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled; 57 presented normal levels of platelet δ-granule content (COV_δ-norm) and 18 had low levels of platelet δ-granules (COV_δ-low). Groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, comorbidities, and SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia levels. Patients in the COV_δ-low group showed significantly higher chemokine and cytokine levels compared to those in the COV_δ-norm group, with strong correlations between IL-6, as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with platelet degranulation parameters. A similar trend, albeit less pronounced, was observed when patients were stratified based on their platelet activation phenotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that peripheral inflammation, rather than SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, is associated with platelet dysfunction during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"149-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12303565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144733696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on \"Early Activation of Lung CD8+ T Cells After Immunization with Live <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> Malaria Sporozites\".","authors":"Samiha Fatima","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.851","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.851","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"146-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12221294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mucosal IgA Antibodies are Critical for Bacterial Clearance of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in the Baboon Model.","authors":"Gaurav Chauhan, Melissa A Gawron, Aaron J Belli, Keith A Reimann, Ryan Schneider, Yang Wang, Mark S Klempner, Lisa A Cavacini","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.800","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the control of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> with vaccine introduction, the incidence of pertussis has increased in the United States and globally. New vaccine strategies are clearly needed to regain control of this vaccine-preventable infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Experimental pertussis infection of baboons induces an acute respiratory illness with clinical and laboratory features similar to whooping cough in man. In a previous study, acellular pertussis-vaccinated (aP) baboons were protected from clinical illness but not from prolonged airway colonization. In contrast, convalescent baboons are protected from both clinical illness and colonization. These studies suggest that current aP vaccines may be ineffective at preventing airway colonization, contributing to resurgence of pertussis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In studies conducted at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts, mucosal IgG antibody responses in nasopharyngeal washes are similar in convalescent and vaccinated baboons. However, significantly higher mucosal anti-pertussis immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses are observed in convalescent animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These studies suggest that mucosal IgA responses to some pertussis antigens will result in bacterial clearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"126-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144561412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"The Biomedical Publications Industry Must Change to Better Serve the Needs of Science and Scientists\".","authors":"Abeera Saleem Mughal, Hafiz Shahbaz Zahoor","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.833","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.833","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"122-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12172502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Mughal et al, re: \"The Biomedical Publications Industry Must Change to Better Serve the Needs of Science and Scientists\".","authors":"Michael M Lederman, Neil S Greenspan","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.835","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.835","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"124-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12172501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Concordance of Binding and Neutralizing Assays to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Activity in Human Milk.","authors":"Mallory C Shriver, Patricia L Milletich, Alberto Moreno, Sasha E Larsen, Christine M Posavad, Bryan J Berube, Bushra Wali, Madison Ellis, Kelly Manning, Kathryn M Moore, Zhiyi Zhu, Nimrit Grewal, Ines A Cadena, Cristina V Cardemil, Flor M Munoz, Kathleen M Neuzil, Rhea N Coler, Mehul S Suthar, Marcela F Pasetti","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.799","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal immunization provides vaccine-specific immunity to the infant via breast milk. Multiple studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human breast milk (HBM) from infected and/or vaccinated women. However, there is limited information on the analytical performance, consistency, and quality of the methods used. Standardized and rigorous assays are needed to meet clinical study endpoints and for comparisons across studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We optimized high-throughput multiplex immunoassays for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA in HBM and determined antibody levels in HBM samples from 236 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated (infected and non-infected) and 50 pre-pandemic (unexposed) lactating women. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity was examined in a subset of 75 SARS-CoV-2 HBM from vaccinated (infected and non-infected) women using live virus focus reduction neutralization and pseudovirus assays. Concordance between SARS-CoV-2 binding and live virus neutralization outcomes was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The multiplex SARS-CoV-2 assays had adequate analytical sensitivity, repeatability, precision, and assay linearity and were reliable for quantification of IgG and IgA in HBM. Positivity thresholds for Spike- and Nucleocapsid-specific IgG and IgA were established; IgG discriminated positive/negative SARS-CoV-2-immune HBM with high sensitivity and specificity, while IgA reactivity overlapped. A strong correlation was observed between live SARS-CoV-2 and pseudovirus neutralization activity. HBM Spike IgA and neutralization titers were highly correlated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody activity in HBM was determined using standardized and rigorous assays. HBM positivity cutoff values for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection were established. The methods and approach described here could be applied to other pathogens and mucosal secretions.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"97-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12139606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Far Ultraviolet-C Light for Decontamination of Organisms in Whole Milk and Chicken Manure.","authors":"Samir Memic, Jennifer L Cadnum, Curtis J Donskey","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.801","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in US poultry and dairy cows poses a public health threat. Farm workers caring for infected animals are at risk to acquire infections due to exposure to contaminated milk or poultry feces and secretions. Far ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light could provide continuous decontamination of surfaces and air in agricultural settings, but efficacy against organisms in whole milk or chicken manure is unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the efficacy of far UV-C light against bacteriophage MS2 and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 5% fetal calf serum, whole milk, or 5%, 10%, and 25% chicken manure, both in liquid suspension and dried on surfaces. We also compared the efficacy of 300 mJ/cm² doses of far UV-C and 254-nm UV-C light against the test organisms in liquid droplets or droplets dried on surfaces.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For both test organisms, far UV-C achieved significantly smaller log₁₀ reductions in whole milk and in chicken manure suspensions than in PBS or 5% fetal calf serum, both in liquid suspension and when dried on surfaces (<i>P</i><0.0001). In whole milk, average reductions of both organisms with all doses were ≤1.2 log₁₀ in liquid suspensions and ≤2.4 log₁₀ when dried on surfaces. We found 254-nm UV-C was significantly more effective in reducing MRSA and MS2 dried on surfaces in whole milk or in 10% chicken manure (<i>P</i>≤0.02) but not in liquid droplets (<i>P</i>>0.05) except 5% chicken manure (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that in the absence of prior cleaning and disinfection far UV-C and 254-nm UV-C light technologies may have limited efficacy as an adjunctive method to reduce the risk for transmission of HPAI from surfaces in high-risk settings on farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"87-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12094166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Against Different Variants, Including Omicron Descendants, in a Country with High Viral Transmission.","authors":"Stefan Escobar-Agreda, Roger V Araujo-Castillo, Luis Pampa-Espinoza, Javier Silva-Valencia, Lely Solari","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.760","DOIUrl":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.760","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to confer protection against reinfections. Because Peru has been affected by several variants of this virus, it is an ideal location to better explore this phenomenon. In this study, we aim to evaluate protection of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection against reinfection by variants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nested case-control study was carried out, using national data from Peru between 2021 and 2023. Five study periods were defined, delimited by the predominance of the main SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating during the pandemic. Cases were paired with controls in a 1 to 4 rate by sex, age, region, being a health worker, and the week of infection. Protection was calculated using conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) expressed as (1-OR) x100.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Protection from prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 86.3% (95% CI, 81.8 to 89.7) for Lambda, 73.0% (95% CI, 62.9 to 80.3) for Gamma, 84.7% (95% CI, 82.1 to 86.9) for Delta, 34.9% (95% CI, 25.5 to 43.1) for Omicron BA.1, 67.0% (95% CI, 58.7 to 73.6) for Omicron BA.2.12.1, 49.1% (95% CI, 40.5 to 56.5) for Omicron BA.4, 44.8% (95% CI, 39.9 to 49.3) for Omicron BA.5, 29.4% (95% CI, 18.2 to 39.1) for Omicron BQ, and 8.6% (95% CI, -0.5 to 16.9) for Omicron XBB.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prior infection provides significant protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection episodes, although this varies widely among the different Omicron sublineages.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"74-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12087571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144102846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Biomedical Publications Industry Must Change to Better Serve the Needs of Science and Scientists.","authors":"Michael M Lederman, Neil S Greenspan","doi":"10.20411/pai.v10i2.819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20411/pai.v10i2.819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biomedical publications industry is vital to progress in science and health care. We observe that this industry has become unnecessarily complex and expensive for researchers and readers, impeding the sharing of research findings. In this perspective, we offer selected critiques of this industry and suggest how it might be improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":36419,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Immunity","volume":"10 2","pages":"69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12011323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}