Fire-Switzerland最新文献_第10页

Application of Factorial Analysis to the Study of Vented Dust Explosions in Large Biomass Storage Silos 因子分析在大型生物质贮仓通风粉尘爆炸研究中的应用

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060226

A. Varela, J. Arbizu-Milagro, A. Tascón

{"title":"Application of Factorial Analysis to the Study of Vented Dust Explosions in Large Biomass Storage Silos","authors":"A. Varela, J. Arbizu-Milagro, A. Tascón","doi":"10.3390/fire6060226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060226","url":null,"abstract":"Dust explosions are a major concern in many industrial facilities and particularly in storage areas of biomass materials. Although venting standards (EN 14491 and NFPA 68) provide satisfactory safety levels for most industrial applications, they present some limitations and there exist situations that they do not contemplate. Vented dust explosions in a 4500 m3 silo for the storage of wood pellets were simulated by computational fluid dynamics. Maximum overpressures were registered and compared. The influence of several parameters including initial turbulence level, dust concentration, ignition location, and vent area was studied. A factorial analysis was carried out to determine the importance of each of the four parameters, along with possible interactions between them. The results showed great variations in the overpressures between the different scenarios simulated. Vent area, ignition location, and dust concentration showed similar effects on the overpressure (around 25%), while initial turbulence had half this effect (13%). One interaction effect out of the eleven possible interactions was identified as relevant for this specific industrial scenario: the combination of the ignition location and the initial turbulence, with an additional effect of 5% on the overpressure. The factorial analysis applied in this study could be of interest to the risk assessment of industrial facilities.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45942524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanism Analysis of Airbag Explosion Suppression and Energy Absorption in a Flexible Explosion Suppression System 柔性爆炸抑制系统中安全气囊抑爆及吸能机理分析

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060224

Yajun Wang, Huihuan Ma, L. Han, Xiuyan Xu, K. Skrzypkowski, M. Bascompta

{"title":"Mechanism Analysis of Airbag Explosion Suppression and Energy Absorption in a Flexible Explosion Suppression System","authors":"Yajun Wang, Huihuan Ma, L. Han, Xiuyan Xu, K. Skrzypkowski, M. Bascompta","doi":"10.3390/fire6060224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060224","url":null,"abstract":"The unfixed flame propagation velocity of a gas explosion and the fixed response time of explosion suppression devices are the important reasons for the poor protective effect of active explosion suppression. A flexible explosion suppression method based on buffer energy absorption is detailed in this study. The explosion suppression system consists of an explosive characteristic monitoring system, an explosion suppression agent system, and an explosion suppression airbag. An empty pipe experiment and an explosion suppression experiment with a flexible-airbag gas-explosion suppression device were conducted in a 20.5 m-long pipe with an inner diameter of 180 mm. The flame propagation velocity and maximum overpressure values were compared between the two groups of experiments. The experimental results show that the flame wave propagation can be completely suppressed by the explosion suppression device under certain pressure. The occurrence time of maximum overpressure at each pressure measuring point is also analyzed. P3 is generally later than P4, which verifies the existence of energy absorption and explosion suppression effect of airbag. Finally, the energy absorption effect of the airbag is analyzed theoretically. The shock wave overpressure calculated in the sealing limit state of the airbag is 0.3432 MPa, and the maximum error is 7.8%, which provides reliable guidance and prediction for the experimental process in the future.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46669979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Object Detection through Fires Using Violet Illumination Coupled with Deep Learning 紫外照明与深度学习相结合的火灾目标检测

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060222

H. Zhang, Xue Dong, Zhiwei Sun

{"title":"Object Detection through Fires Using Violet Illumination Coupled with Deep Learning","authors":"H. Zhang, Xue Dong, Zhiwei Sun","doi":"10.3390/fire6060222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060222","url":null,"abstract":"Fire accidents threaten public safety. One of the greatest challenges during fire rescue is that firefighters need to find objects as quickly as possible in an environment with strong flame luminosity and dense smoke. This paper reports an optical method, called violet illumination, coupled with deep learning, to significantly increase the effectiveness in searching for and identifying rescue targets during a fire. With a relatively simple optical system, broadband flame luminosity can be spectrally filtered out from the scattering signal of the object. The application of deep learning algorithms can further and significantly enhance the effectiveness of object search and identification. The work shows that this novel optics–deep learning combined method can improve the object identification accuracy from 7.0% with the naked eye to 83.1%. A processing speed of 10 frames per second can also be achieved on a single CPU. These results indicate that the optical method coupled with machine learning algorithms can potentially be a very useful technique for object searching in fire rescue, especially considering the emergence of low-cost, powerful, compact violet light sources and the rapid development of machine learning methods. Potential designs for practical systems are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41441637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Analysis of Lightweight Fire-Rated Board on Fire Resistance, Mechanical, and Acoustic Properties 轻质防火板耐火性能、力学性能和声学性能的实验分析

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060221

M. Yew, M. K. Yew, R. Yuen

{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Lightweight Fire-Rated Board on Fire Resistance, Mechanical, and Acoustic Properties","authors":"M. Yew, M. K. Yew, R. Yuen","doi":"10.3390/fire6060221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060221","url":null,"abstract":"Using lightweight fire-rated board (LFRB) presents cost-effective opportunities for various passive fire protection measures. The aim of the project is to develop an LFRB with enhanced fire resistance, acoustic properties, and mechanical properties. These properties were determined using a Bunsen burner, furnace, energy-dispersive X-ray, impedance tube instrument, and Instron universal testing machine. To fabricate the LFRBs, vermiculite and perlite were blended with flame-retardant binders, and four types of LFRBs were produced. A fire test was conducted to compare the fire-resistance performance of the LFRBs with a commercially available flame-retardant board. The B2 prototype showed exceptional fire-resistant properties, with a temperature reduction of up to 73.0 °C, as compared to the commercially available fire-rated magnesium board. Incorporating nano chicken eggshell into the specially formulated flame-retardant binder preserved the LFRBs’ structural integrity, enabling them to withstand fire for up to 120 min with an equilibrium temperature of 92.6 °C. This approach also provided an absorption coefficient of α = 2.0, a high flexural strength of 3.54 MPa, and effective flame-retardancy properties with a low oxygen/carbon ratio of 2.60. These results make the LFRBs valuable for passive fire protection applications in the construction and building materials industry.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46059951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

A Coupled Wildfire-Emission and Dispersion Framework for Probabilistic PM2.5 Estimation 用于概率PM2.5估算的耦合野火排放和扩散框架

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060220

D. Melecio-Vázquez, C. Lautenberger, Ho-Chun Hsieh, Mike F. Amodeo, J. Porter, B. Wilson, Mariah Pope, Evelyn G. Shu, Valentin Waeselynck, E. Kearns

{"title":"A Coupled Wildfire-Emission and Dispersion Framework for Probabilistic PM2.5 Estimation","authors":"D. Melecio-Vázquez, C. Lautenberger, Ho-Chun Hsieh, Mike F. Amodeo, J. Porter, B. Wilson, Mariah Pope, Evelyn G. Shu, Valentin Waeselynck, E. Kearns","doi":"10.3390/fire6060220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060220","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate representation of fire emissions and smoke transport is crucial for current and future wildfire-smoke projections. We present a flexible modeling framework for emissions sourced from the First Street Foundation Wildfire Model (FSF-WFM) to provide a national map for near-surface smoke conditions exceeding the threshold for unhealthy concentrations of particulate matter at or less than 2.5 µm, or PM2.5. Smoke yield from simulated fires is converted to emissions transported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s HYSPLIT model. We present a strategy for sampling from a simulation of ~65 million individual fires, to depict the occurrence of “unhealthy smoke days” defined as 24-h average PM2.5 concentration greater than 35.4 µg/m3 from HYSPLIT. The comparison with historical smoke simulations finds reasonable agreement using only a small subset of simulated fires. The total amount of PM2.5 mass-released threshold of 1015 µg was found to be effective for simulating the occurrence of unhealthy days without significant computational burden.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

MTTfireCAL Package for R—An Innovative, Comprehensive, and Fast Procedure to Calibrate the MTT Fire Spread Modelling System MTTfireCAL R软件包——一种创新、全面、快速的MTT火灾蔓延建模系统校准程序

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060219

B. Aparício, A. Benali, J. Pereira, A. Sá

{"title":"MTTfireCAL Package for R—An Innovative, Comprehensive, and Fast Procedure to Calibrate the MTT Fire Spread Modelling System","authors":"B. Aparício, A. Benali, J. Pereira, A. Sá","doi":"10.3390/fire6060219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060219","url":null,"abstract":"Fire spread behavior models are used to estimate fire behavior metrics, fire hazard, exposure, and risk across the landscape. One of the most widely used fire spread models is the minimum travel time (MTT), which requires a very time-consuming, interactive, trial-and-error calibration process to reproduce observed fire regimens. This study presents the MTTfireCAL package for R, a tool that enables fast calibration of the MTT fire spread models by testing and combining multiple settings and then ranking them based on the model’s capacity to reproduce historical fire patterns, such as fire size distribution and fire frequency. Here, we explain the main methodological steps and validate the package by comparing it against the typical calibration procedures in two study areas. In addition, we estimate the minimum number of fire runs required to ensure a reliable calibration. Overall, the use of MTTfireCAL R package and the optimization of the number of ignitions used allowed for a faster calibration of the MTT modeling system than the typical trial-and-error calibration. The MTT modeling system calibrated using MTTfireCAL was also able to better reproduce the historical fire patterns. This tool has the potential to support the academic and operational community working with MTT.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45585584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on Location of Fire Stations in Chemical Industry Parks from a Public Safety Perspective: Considering the Domino Effect and the Identification of Major Hazard Installations for Hazardous Chemicals 基于公共安全视角的化工园区消防站选址研究——基于多米诺效应与危险化学品重大危害设施识别

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060218

Junhao Jiang, Xiaochun Zhang, Ruichao Wei, Shenshi Huang, Xiaolei Zhang

引用次数: 1

A Comparison of Four Spatial Interpolation Methods for Modeling Fine-Scale Surface Fuel Load in a Mixed Conifer Forest with Complex Terrain 复杂地形混交林地表燃料负荷的四种空间插值方法比较

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060216

C. Hoffman, J. Ziegler, W. Tinkham, J. Hiers, A. Hudak

{"title":"A Comparison of Four Spatial Interpolation Methods for Modeling Fine-Scale Surface Fuel Load in a Mixed Conifer Forest with Complex Terrain","authors":"C. Hoffman, J. Ziegler, W. Tinkham, J. Hiers, A. Hudak","doi":"10.3390/fire6060216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060216","url":null,"abstract":"Patterns of spatial heterogeneity in forests and other fire-prone ecosystems are increasingly recognized as critical for predicting fire behavior and subsequent fire effects. Given the difficulty in sampling continuous spatial patterns across scales, statistical approaches are common to scale from plot to landscapes. This study compared the performance of four spatial interpolation methods (SIM) for mapping fine-scale fuel loads: classification (CL), multiple linear regression (LR), ordinary kriging (OK), and regression kriging (RK). These methods represent commonly used SIMs and demonstrate a diversity of non-geostatistical, geostatistical, and hybrid approaches. Models were developed for a 17.6-hectare site using a combination of metrics derived from spatially mapped trees, surface fuels sampled with an intensive network of photoload plots, and topographic variables. The results of this comparison indicate that all estimates produced unbiased spatial predictions. Regression kriging outperformed the other approaches that either relied solely on interpolation from point observations or regression-based approaches using auxiliary information for developing fine-scale surface fuel maps. While our analysis found that surface fuel loading was correlated with species composition, forest structure, and topography, the relationships were relatively weak, indicating that other variables and spatial interactions could significantly improve surface fuel mapping.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46786409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Smoke Image Segmentation Algorithm Suitable for Low-Light Scenes 适用于弱光场景的烟雾图像分割算法

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/fire6060217

Enyu Li, Wei Zhang

{"title":"Smoke Image Segmentation Algorithm Suitable for Low-Light Scenes","authors":"Enyu Li, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.3390/fire6060217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060217","url":null,"abstract":"The real-time monitoring and analysis system based on video images has been implemented to detect fire accidents on site. While most segmentation methods can accurately segment smoke areas in bright and clear images, it becomes challenging to obtain high performance due to the low brightness and contrast of low-light smoke images. An image enhancement model cascaded with a semantic segmentation model was proposed to enhance the segmentation effect of low-light smoke images. The modified Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) was used to enhance the low-light images, making smoke features apparent and improving the detection ability of the subsequent segmentation model. The smoke segmentation model was based on Transformers and HRNet, where semantic features at different scales were fused in a dense form. The addition of attention modules of spatial dimension and channel dimension to the feature extraction units established the relationship mappings between pixels and features in the two-dimensional spatial directions, which improved the segmentation ability. Through the Foreground Feature Localization Module (FFLM), the discrimination between foreground and background features was increased, and the ability of the model to distinguish the thinner positions of smoke edges was improved. The enhanced segmentation method achieved a segmentation accuracy of 91.68% on the self-built dataset with synthetic low-light images and an overall detection time of 120.1 ms. This method can successfully meet the fire detection demands in low-light environments at night and lay a foundation for expanding the all-weather application of initial fire detection technology based on image analysis.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Towards an Integrated Approach to Wildfire Risk Assessment: When, Where, What and How May the Landscapes Burn 走向野火风险评估的综合方法:何时、何地、燃烧什么以及如何燃烧景观

IF 3.2 3区农林科学

Fire-Switzerland Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.3390/fire6050215

E. Chuvieco, M. Yebra, S. Martino, K. Thonicke, Marta Gómez-Giménez, Jesús San-Miguel, D. Oom, Ramona Velea, F. Mouillot, J. R. Molina, A. Miranda, D. Lopes, M. Salis, M. Bugarić, M. Sofiev, E. Kadantsev, I. Gitas, D. Stavrakoudis, G. Eftychidis, Avi Bar‐Massada, A. Neidermeier, Valerio Pampanoni, M. L. Pettinari, Fátima Arrogante-Funes, Clara Ochoa, Bruno Moreira, D. Viegas

{"title":"Towards an Integrated Approach to Wildfire Risk Assessment: When, Where, What and How May the Landscapes Burn","authors":"E. Chuvieco, M. Yebra, S. Martino, K. Thonicke, Marta Gómez-Giménez, Jesús San-Miguel, D. Oom, Ramona Velea, F. Mouillot, J. R. Molina, A. Miranda, D. Lopes, M. Salis, M. Bugarić, M. Sofiev, E. Kadantsev, I. Gitas, D. Stavrakoudis, G. Eftychidis, Avi Bar‐Massada, A. Neidermeier, Valerio Pampanoni, M. L. Pettinari, Fátima Arrogante-Funes, Clara Ochoa, Bruno Moreira, D. Viegas","doi":"10.3390/fire6050215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050215","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a review of concepts related to wildfire risk assessment, including the determination of fire ignition and propagation (fire danger), the extent to which fire may spatially overlap with valued assets (exposure), and the potential losses and resilience to those losses (vulnerability). This is followed by a brief discussion of how these concepts can be integrated and connected to mitigation and adaptation efforts. We then review operational fire risk systems in place in various parts of the world. Finally, we propose an integrated fire risk system being developed under the FirEUrisk European project, as an example of how the different risk components (including danger, exposure and vulnerability) can be generated and combined into synthetic risk indices to provide a more comprehensive wildfire risk assessment, but also to consider where and on what variables reduction efforts should be stressed and to envisage policies to be better adapted to future fire regimes. Climate and socio-economic changes entail that wildfires are becoming even more a critical environmental hazard; extreme fires are observed in many areas of the world that regularly experience fire, yet fire activity is also increasing in areas where wildfires were previously rare. To mitigate the negative impacts of fire, those responsible for managing risk must leverage the information available through the risk assessment process, along with an improved understanding on how the various components of risk can be targeted to improve and optimize the many strategies for mitigation and adaptation to an increasing fire risk.","PeriodicalId":36395,"journal":{"name":"Fire-Switzerland","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41942385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8