Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Planning for the Transition to Adulthood: Parent Perspectives on the Planning Process and Experiences of Young Adults with Fragile X Syndrome.","authors":"Leonard Abbeduto, Jessica Klusek, Julie Lounds Taylor, Angela John Thurman","doi":"10.1007/s41252-026-00488-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-026-00488-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Relatively few young adults with fragile X syndrome (FXS) meet the normative expectations of adulthood, although there is heterogeneity in this regard. The present study examined the preparation for the transition to adulthood experienced by young adults with FXS and their parents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-nine young adults with FXS and their primary caregiving parents participated. Those with FXS were in their last year of, or had recently left, high school or a formal transition program. Parents completed surveys about the formal transition planning process. We examined the role of the young adults' adaptive behavior skills in transition planning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among other things, parents of young adults with more advanced adaptive skills had higher expectations regarding the latter's employment capabilities, although employment preparation did not differ for the two subgroups of young adults. Parents were generally satisfied with their own involvement in transition planning, except as regards employment where they wanted more input. The social networks of participants with FXS, especially those with less developed adaptive skills, were limited.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transition planning for individuals with FXS should be designed with greater attention to matching employment and social experiences to the young adult's ability and to soliciting parental input about employment.</p>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiotherapy Interventions for Children and Young People with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Erin Byrd,&nbsp;India Jefcut,&nbsp;Brendon Stubbs,&nbsp;Laura Hemmings","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00459-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00459-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Children with neurodevelopmental disorders make up a significant proportion of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) population. Early identification of children at risk for developing mental and physical co-morbidities and appropriate multidisciplinary management, including physiotherapy, is vital to improve health outcomes. The primary aim of this systematic review was to clarify the evidence available around the application of physiotherapeutic interventions within CAMHS populations presenting with neurodevelopmental disorders.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic review of randomised controlled trials exploring physiotherapeutic interventions for children and young people (aged 5–18 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders was conducted.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant total effect favouring physiotherapeutic intervention for improving postural stability in children and young people with Developmental Coordination Disorder(DCD) (WMD 4.27 [95% CI 1.87, 6.68]; <i>p</i> = 0.0005). Additionally, children with DCD, Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyslexia, and Intellectual Disabilities were found to see improvements in motor proficiency; muscle strength; self-concept, participation, and function; behaviour; respiratory function; and gait from primarily exercise as well as other physiotherapeutic interventions.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>For children and young people presenting to CAMHS with neurodevelopmental disorders, physiotherapeutic interventions can be applied to improve a variety of health outcomes, however, the evidence to support this is of low quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"11 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41252-025-00459-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Neuroscience and Neurodiversity: Implications for Autistic People and Clinicians","authors":"Joshua Muggleton,&nbsp;Rhonda Booth,&nbsp;Michelle de Haan","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00470-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00470-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Early theories of autism aligned closely with contemporaneous theories of developmental cognitive neuroscience at the time. Since then, autism has developed into its own research field, and links with developmental cognitive neuroscience are fewer. This divergence means our understanding of autism may be built on older neuroscientific theories, and the implications of newer theories in developmental cognitive neuroscience for autism and neurodiversity may not be considered.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Without assuming any neuroscientific background of the reader, we describe older theories of developmental cognitive neuroscience, namely nativism and empiricism, and consider their relationship to autism. We then contrast these with the more recent theories of neuroconstructivism and interactive specialisation.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We argue that applying neuroconstructivism and interactive specialisation to autism and neurodiversity suggests we can view neurodivergent brains as optimised differently, rather than disordered. Deficits are not necessarily required, strengths may be expected, and greater scope for variation in neurotypes arises through the role of environment on development.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We conclude that neuroconstructivism and interactive specialisation are compatible or even supportive of neurodiversity and create a new neuroscientific dimension with which to explore neurodiversity. However, the potential for the environment to influence autistic development challenges some aspects of neurodiversity and highlights the need for collaborative research and clinical practice with autistic people.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"153 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kindness is the Method, Not the Reward: An Evaluation of the Effects of Kindness on Three Children with Autism","authors":"Anika M. Hoybjerg,&nbsp;Caleb R. Stanley,&nbsp;Mary Jane Weiss","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00457-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00457-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Research has demonstrated the importance and utility of soft skills within behavior analysis. Previous research has indicated that when therapists engage in appropriate soft skills, such as relationship or rapport building, individuals show increased indices of happiness and compliance, as well as reduced problem behavior. Despite relevant research on teaching soft skills and related conceptual discussion on the importance of soft skills, limited empirical evaluations have been conducted which have objectively evaluated the direct effect soft skills may have on client behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative effect of the soft skill of kindness on client behavior when embedded within therapy sessions.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study employed an alternating treatments design that was replicated across three participants who were exposed to both kind and neutral conditions. The primary dependent variables were skill acquisition, problem behavior occurrence, on-task behavior, and indices of happiness or unhappiness. Additionally, after exposure to the treatment conditions, participants were provided the choice of selecting which condition they preferred.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The findings indicated that individuals preferred the kind treatment condition and showed decreased problem behavior, increased skill acquisition, increased on-task behavior, and increased levels of happiness and decreased levels of unhappiness when exposed to this condition as well.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Kindness as defined within the study may result in positive improvements in behavior and higher levels of happiness with clients when embedded within therapy sessions. Additional research is needed to further evaluate the impact of kindness and other soft skills within therapy sessions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"112 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parents’ Perceptions of the Feeding Difficulties of Their Children: the Psychometric Properties of the “Mealtime Behavior Questionnaire (MBQ)” in Greek-Cypriot Parents","authors":"Andri Papaleontiou,&nbsp;Louiza Voniati,&nbsp;Alexandros Gryparis,&nbsp;Rafaella Georgiou,&nbsp;Vassiliki Siafaka,&nbsp;Dionysios Tafiadis","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00456-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00456-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Inappropriate mealtime procedures can complicate a child’s feeding process and lead to behavioral issues, emphasizing the importance of parents’ perceptions of their child’s feeding behaviors. This study aimed to translate and validate the Mealtime Behavior Questionnaire (MBQ) into Greek and examine the mealtime behaviors of Greek Cypriot children and families.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The sample included 200 monolingual Greek Cypriot parents. It was divided into two groups: parents (<i>N</i> = 100) whose children exhibited typical mealtime behavior (tp-MBG) and parents (<i>N</i> = 100) whose children displayed non-typical mealtime behavior (ntp-MBG). They were selected from Cypriot public and special public schools, and speech-language clinics. The children’s parents completed the MBQ questionnaire, which was re-administered in 10 days.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>MBQ-GR showed good discrimination between the tp-MBG and ntp-MBG groups [<i>t</i> (198) = 10.810, p 0.001]. It had high internal consistency [Cronbach’s\u0000<i>α</i> = 0.944], very good test-retest reliability (ICC= 0.933 [95%, CI: 0.918–0.946]), and external criterion validity (<i>r</i> = 0.820, <i>p</i> 0.001). MBQ cutoff was equal to 57.00 [sensitivity of 0.660 and 1-specificity of 0.07-AUC 0.870, (95% CI: 0.822–0.918), <i>p</i> 0.001]. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on the four factors originally suggested, using a robust weighted least squares estimator with mean and variance adjustments, accounting for the data’s ordinal and highly skewed characteristics. The resulting estimates suggested a very good fit of the data to the CFA model.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>MBQ-GR has great reliability and validity and can be utilized to evaluate preliminary feeding behavioral issues related to feeding challenges in children of Greek-Cypriot cultural background.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"100 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41252-025-00456-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“People Thought I Was a Dreadful Mother”: Stigma Experienced by Parents with an Autistic Child Who Exhibits Aggressive Behaviour","authors":"Linda Swaab,&nbsp;Linda E. Campbell,&nbsp;Meredith Tavener,&nbsp;Jane Goodwin","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00460-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00460-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>A different communication style, sudden changes in routine, sensory sensitivities, or emotional overload can sometimes lead to behavioural reactions in autistic children. This can trigger emotional dysregulation, resulting in rapid mood changes, meltdowns, self-injury, and/or reactive behaviours that are sometimes labelled as ‘aggressive behaviours’, for example, biting. These types of behaviours can result in stigma for both the child and their parents. We aimed to explore how parents interpret their experiences raising an autistic child who exhibits aggressive behaviours, using a phenomenological epistemological approach.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Eight parents of male children who had received a diagnosis of autism completed a semi-structured interview. The transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>One superordinate theme, ‘Changed expectations’, overarched the five subordinate themes: <i>It’s not the life that was anticipated; Isolation; What does the future hold?; Stigma;</i> and <i>Finding the positive.</i> Parents felt grief for the life they expected compared to the one they were experiencing. Initially, they blamed themselves for their child’s challenging behaviours before accepting that society’s expectations were not always right for their family. Parents also reported feelings of empathy, patience, and joy within themselves and their child.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Participants in the study shared that their lived experiences differed from their expectations, often shaped by stigma from themselves, their families, and broader society. They reported social isolation but also some positive personal psychological growth. Future research should explore the lived experience of autistic children who exhibit aggressive behaviours, the stigmas associated with these behaviours, and how these children can be supported. This exploration should be guided by appropriate methodologies developed through co-production with autistic individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"144 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41252-025-00460-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional Demands and Gait in Children with Early Medical Risk and Low Motor Performance: Identifying a Subthreshold Group for Clinical Concern","authors":"Yocheved Bensinger-Brody,&nbsp;Laraine McDonough,&nbsp;Robert L. Freedland,&nbsp;Judith M. Gardner,&nbsp;Bernard Z. Karmel","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00454-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00454-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The aim of this research was to investigate the developmental pattern of motor behaviors that have the potential to alert clinical concern in children who have a history of early medical risk and present with low motor performance but who do not meet the threshold of developmental coordination disorder (DCD).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Groups of participants with a history of early medical risk who presented with low or normal motor performance participated in tasks with increasing attentional complexity, using a computer-based attention task, and an assessment of walking in singular and dual tasks with increasing demands.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Analysis of computerized attention task data by motor performance group, age, and task revealed that the low motor performance group did not demonstrate developmental improvement in one of the tasks, whereas the normal motor performance group did (<i>F</i>(1, 22) = 4.211, <i>p</i> = 0.05, <i>h</i>^<i>2</i>_<i>p</i> = 0.161). The low motor performance group also exhibited more exaggerated compensatory balance reactions than the normal motor performance group, including elbow flexion (<i>F</i>(2, 28.48) = 5.473, <i>p</i> = 0.011, <i>h</i>^<i>2</i>_<i>p</i> = 0.267) as well as trunk deviation (<i>F</i>(1, 19) = 5.522, <i>p</i> = 0.03, <i>h</i>^<i>2</i>_<i>p</i> = 0.225).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results highlight a group of children who may benefit from more clinical attention despite being subthreshold for neurodevelopmental diagnosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"84 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military <i>Launching!</i> to Adulthood: A Cultural Adaptation of a Group Therapy Program for Military-Dependent Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Transitioning to Adulthood.","authors":"Antonio F Pagán, Jordan Kenemore, Linda Hernandez, Stephen Armstrong, Katherine A Loveland, Mark Ahlenius, Ron Acierno","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00464-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00464-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The transition to adulthood poses distinct challenges for young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (ages 18-25), particularly in establishing and achieving long-term goals. This is further complicated for those within the military and veteran communities. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and cultural fit of \"Launching! to Adulthood,\" a 12-week telehealth intervention, adapted for military-dependent young adults with ASD and their military/veteran parents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Building on previous research and incorporating stakeholder feedback, the intervention addressed key transition challenges such as executive functioning, mental health, vocational skills, and social engagement, while also aligning with military cultural values. A total of 20 young adults and 37 parents participated in the program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Feasibility was demonstrated by high attendance rates, with 93% of young adults and 90% of parents attending all group sessions, and no family dropouts. Both young adults and parents reported high satisfaction with session logistics, though some logistical conflicts and a preference for in-person sessions were noted. Acceptability ratings were strong, with most satisfaction scores exceeding 7 out of 10, and both groups reporting significant gains in confidence and skills related to transitioning to adulthood. Cultural fit was confirmed, with 94% of participants finding the program relevant and aligned with military and family values. Preliminary outcomes indicated improvements in self-confidence, independence, social connections, and family relationships. Participants emphasized the program's effects in addressing the unique needs of the military community.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings highlight the importance of culturally tailored interventions in fostering successful transitions for underserved populations, specifically military-dependent young adults with ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12724527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145828736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body Image Concerns, Maladaptive Eating Behaviors, and Weight Status in Children with ADHD: Are there Differences between Children Treated with and without Medication and Healthy Controls?","authors":"Christine A. Limbers,&nbsp;Erin Laurel,&nbsp;Amy Baskin,&nbsp;Tatum Zeleznik","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00458-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00458-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there were associations between being treated with medication for ADHD, body image concerns, maladaptive eating behaviors, and weight status in a national sample of children ages 6 to 17 years diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The study also assessed whether there were differences in body image concerns, maladaptive eating behaviors, and weight status between children with ADHD treated with and without medication and matched healthy controls.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>Participants were parents of 4,819 children ages 6 to 17 years (64.5% boys) diagnosed by a doctor or other health care provider with ADHD and 9,025 healthy control children ages 6 to 17 years (60.5% boys) from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>After controlling for sociodemographic variables, currently taking medication for ADHD was significantly associated with more fasting (Odds Ratio = 1.32; <i>p</i> &lt; .001), binge eating (Odds Ratio = 1.26; <i>p</i> &lt; .05), picky eating (Odds Ratio = 1.21; <i>p</i> &lt; .001), and low interest in food (Odds Ratio = 1.77; <i>p</i> &lt; .001). Above and beyond the control variables, currently taking medication for ADHD was associated with greater parental concerns about their child’s body weight being too low (Odds Ratio = 1.56; <i>p</i> &lt; .001). Parents of children in the healthy control group reported fewer maladaptive eating behaviors and body image concerns for their children compared to parents of children with ADHD on and off medication (<i>p</i> &lt; .001).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest children with ADHD, regardless of medication status, may be more likely to manifest maladaptive eating behaviors and body image concerns than children without a physical and mental health condition and may benefit from routine assessment of maladaptive eating behaviors and body weight concerns and when warranted the implementation of interventions that address weight loss as a potential barrier of stimulant medication utilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"133 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment and Diagnosis: Tools, Practices, and Sex Bias","authors":"Sasha L. Crocker,&nbsp;Anja Roemer,&nbsp;Sarah Strohmaier,&nbsp;Grace Y. Wang,&nbsp;Oleg N. Medvedev","doi":"10.1007/s41252-025-00452-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41252-025-00452-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Accurately diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is challenging due to the overlap of symptoms with other mental health conditions. This scoping review evaluated the dependability and accuracy of prevalent diagnostic scales and investigates potential obstacles to ADHD assessment diagnosis including potential sex bias.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 11 widely used diagnostic scales were identified and included. All scales were evaluated based on their psychometric quality and alignment with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale emerged as the most reliable among the 11 scales, with the Symptom Checklist-4 ranking as the least reliable. No single assessment tool was adequate for ADHD diagnosis; additional testing was required for accurate conclusions. The literature revealed sex and age biases in some of the assessments. It was discovered that girls were diagnosed with ADHD less often than boys, yet their likelihood of misdiagnosis was notably lower.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This review emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive, multi-method assessment approaches for accurate ADHD diagnosis, as no single tool demonstrated sufficient diagnostic precision. Effective clinical assessment design must incorporate strong psychometric measures, address sex-based diagnostic disparities, and emphasize the importance of evaluating behavioural changes over time and their functional impact across settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36163,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41252-025-00452-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}