International Journal of Nuclear Security最新文献

{"title":"Women Leading the Way","authors":"L. Holgate, Inna Pletukhina, M. Reichert, Şebnem Udum, Ashley A. Humphrey","doi":"10.7290/ijns078b83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns078b83","url":null,"abstract":"As a feature of this issue, we asked some of the most notable women in the nuclear security profession to share their stories. Knowing that other women overcame circumstances that women still face instills hope, shows leadership, and provides mentorship to us all.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71081477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Inclusive Nuclear Regulatory Body of Pakistan","authors":"Noreen Iftakhar, Shazia Fayyaz","doi":"10.7290/ijns07pa2h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns07pa2h","url":null,"abstract":"A gender-inclusive workplace considers, recognizes, and promotes the skills and potential of both men and women, irrespective of their gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and age. In Pakistan, women in the workforce are increasing day by day and women are achieving higher positions at a corporate level. Nevertheless, the nuclear field is still generally considered a male oriented field. This paper aims to break the misconception and analyze gender inclusion in the nuclear regulatory body of Pakistan. The paper explores contours of gender inclusion in the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) by shedding light on female's representation in different management positions as well as in working level technical and non-technical committees. The paper study also highlights the steps PNRA management has taken, over the years, to ensure a conducive environment for the female workforce and provisions for an equal learning opportunity to enhance their competence.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71082100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There from the Beginning: The Women of Los Alamos National Laboratory Supporting National and International Nuclear Security","authors":"Olga Martin, Laura McClellan, Octavio Ramos, Heather Quinn","doi":"10.7290/ijns07mi2q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns07mi2q","url":null,"abstract":"From the beginning of the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s, the women of what would become Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) worked in technical positions alongside their male counterparts, played a key role as computers, and worked in administrative jobs as secretaries, phone operators, bookkeepers, and on behalf of the U.S. Army in the Women’s Army Corps. Throughout the history of the Laboratory, women experts at LANL helped establish and lead important national and international security programs, with careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Over time, the women of Los Alamos have come together under various Employee Resource Groups, such as the Atomic Women, to help the next generation succeed in their technical fields. The Laboratory’s commitment to diversity and inclusion continues to this day, with current Laboratory Director Thom Mason leading LANL as the first national laboratory to join the Gender Champions in Nuclear Policy.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71082195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Game Theoretical Model of Radiological Terrorism Defense","authors":"S. Rane, J. Harris","doi":"10.7290/ijns07vrqk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns07vrqk","url":null,"abstract":"Radiological dispersal devices (RDD) pose a threat to the United States. Healthcare facilities housing high-risk radioactive materials and devices are potentially easy targets for unauthorized access and are vulnerable to malevolent acts of theft or sabotage. The three most attractive candidates for use in RDD considered in this study are: 60Co (radiosurgery devices), 137Cs (blood irradiators) and 192Ir (brachytherapy high dose radiation device). The threat posed by RDDs has led to evaluating the security risk of radioactive materials and defending against attacks. The concepts of risk analysis used in conjunction with game theory lay the foundations of quantitative security risk management. This paper develops a two player non-cooperative one-shot simultaneous defender-attacker game. The defender (healthcare facility) chooses to defend one of the three high-risk radioactive material targets and the attacker (terrorists or adversaries) chooses to attack one of the three high-risk radioactive material targets. A risk-informed approach is used to model players’ payoffs or expected utilities for each choice of strategies. A game-theoretic model (RDD game) captures the strategic interaction between competing players who act rationally to maximize their expected utility. The evaluation of the RDD game results in a von Neuman max-min strategy solution being preferable to a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution. The von Neumann max-min strategy solution of the defender defending cobalt and the attacker attacking cesium is found to be the most prescriptive result, thus favoring the current efforts of phasing out cesium blood irradiators and replacing them with alternative technologies. The RDD game not only gives the defender strategic options to budget scarce security resources but also helps healthcare facilities make optimal choices under severe uncertainty about the terrorist threat.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71082319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Second Nuclear Age (1992–Present)","authors":"M. Nacht, M. Frank, S. Prussin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-75085-5_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75085-5_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79541765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Modular Reactors and Advanced Reactor Security: Regulatory Perspectives on Integrating Physical and Cyber Security by Design to Protect Against Malicious Acts and Evolving Threats","authors":"Raphael Duguay","doi":"10.7290/ijns070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns070102","url":null,"abstract":"How can future nuclear technologies and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) deter and prevent organized crime groups, terrorists, and malicious actors from attempting to steal or sabotage nuclear materials and facilities? This paper presents the benefits of integrating Security by Design (SeBD) into a regulatory framework to allow more a flexible and effective design of physical protection systems for SMRs. During its effort to modernize the Nuclear Security Regulations, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) licensing application process provides for the option of SeBD in moving toward a performancebased approach with less prescriptive requirements. CNSC also recognizes the need for a graded approach using risk-informed criteria for nuclear security. As part of the SMR Vendor Design Review 1 Duguay: Small Modular Reactors Security by Design to Protect Against Malicious Acts and Evolving Threats International Journal of Nuclear Security, Vol.7, No.1, 2020 doi:10.7290/ijns070102 (VDR) process, CNSC reviews SeBD proposals as well as interfaces with safety (robustness), safeguards (Nuclear Material Accounting and Control), operations, and sustainability. The CNSC also recognizes the need to share relevant, nuclear, sensitive information from the National Design Basis Threat (DBT) with SMR designers so they can consider credible and evolving threats in their proposed SeBD. Finally, the interfaces between nuclear security and system engineering specialists within the VDR process allow one to look at both physical and cyber security systems in a more holistic approach. This allows the regulator to look at how SMR developers propose to optimize nuclear safety to mitigate or protect against potential acts of sabotage and radiological release. SeBD offers opportunities to reduce costs for new nuclear facilities. However, it is not a “silver bullet.” SeBD needs to be integrated as part of an overall security strategy taking into consideration essential security policies, facility characteristics, the materials used, and the national threat/DBT. In addition, there are other relevant security challenges to address, such as remote facilities without readily available off-site response capabilities, the concept of building unmanned/remotely operated nuclear facilities, ever evolving cyber security threats, over-reliance on digital technologies, the use of lethal force by autonomous and remotely operated security systems, or protecting floating (e.g., offshore) or transportable SMRs. Some of these SMR designs being considered are for future use, but now is the time to address some complex issues and legal/ethical questions that may shape the reality of future generations.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Nuclear Security Culture at Academic and Educational Institutions","authors":"Mostafa Kofi, L. Fiala, M. Al-Muammar, Z. Homan","doi":"10.7290/ijns070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns070101","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the use of radioactive and nuclear sources for diagnosis and treatment has become more widespread in the medical field. These sources are present in universities, university hospitals, and academic institutions, making it necessary to develop a strong nuclear security culture among 1 Kofi et al.: Developing Nuclear Security Culture at Academic and Educational Institutions","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42360457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting Nuclear Security Education and Training Activities at Amity University, India","authors":"A. Datta, A. Goel","doi":"10.7290/ijns060206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns060206","url":null,"abstract":"In the present era of global nuclear governance, it is the responsibility of every individual, not only the security personnel, to be accountable for the security of nuclear materials, facilities, and radioactive materials. Amity University and other Indian universities are the largest educational networks for young professionals who will enter the nuclear program in India and who will be involved in the management of nuclear and other radioactive materials in a wide variety of applications, such as hospitals, industrial applications, and nuclear facilities. Amity University Uttar Pradesh is taking a leading part to emphasize the importance of nuclear security amongst the students and faculty members of various Indian institutions and research organizations. Amity University is also motivating women academicians to take the lead in nuclear security. This paper describes details of various events organized in India with the initiative of INSEN, IAEA; Texas A&M University, USA; and WINS Academy, Vienna, Austria.","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49143853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Protection System, Corrective Actions, and Weaknesses Identification Based on Nuclear Security Series: The Hypothetical Atomic Research Institute (HARI) Case","authors":"Ouadie Kabach, A. Chetaine, A. Benchrif","doi":"10.7290/ijns060104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/ijns060104","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is an attempt, based on the IAEA’s Nuclear Security Series (NSS), to identify any unacceptable dysfunction of physical protection system (PPS) of the Material Test Reactor (MTR) facility in a Hypothetical Atomic Research Institute (HARI). The evaluation of an existing or a proposed PPS requires a methodical approach whereby the ability of the security system to meet defined protection goals as the safeguard against the possibility of sabotage and theft should be measured. Without this kind of careful assessment, the PPS might waste valuable resources on unnecessary protection or, worse yet, fail to provide adequate protection at critical points of the facility. In this work, an assessment of the PPS weaknesses for a hypothetical facility against malicious acts is presented. Hence, those weaknesses are founded during the examination of the site to build a 3D computerized simulation to simulate force engagement to evaluate the physical protection system effectiveness. Based on the IAEA nuclear security series publications, the paper proposes a new layout to correct the vulnerabilities, and another analysis of the changes made for the MTR wall thicknesses access control and the redesigned building plan. 1 Kabach: Physical Protection System, Corrective Actions, and Weaknesses Id International Journal of Nuclear Security, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45679868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INSEN: 10 years and Beyond","authors":"D. Nikonov","doi":"10.7290/IJNS060202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7290/IJNS060202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36043,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nuclear Security","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43883764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}