PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS最新文献

{"title":"Public Health Workforce Development Through Virtually Interactive Training Courses","authors":"S. Rawaf, C. Tabche","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2022.1604657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604657","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic that can be drawn is that the health professional’s education system needs significant revitalisation, especially public health [1]. Public health education and training need a more comprehensive and unique approach to equip its learner’s key concepts through the competencies required for each level of public health practice [2]. In the fourth industrial revolution era, public health professionals need to be part of a new generation of professionals equipped with new skills and appropriate attributes to understand better and serve the population [3]. We developed some bespoke virtual interactive courses that are crucial in training the public health workforce over the past 12 months. These training courses are tailored according to the target audience and the corresponding competencies needed to fill a noticeable gap in the field [4].","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Hospitals: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Chester Ng, Nicole-Ann Lim, Lena X. Y. Bao, A. Quek, R. C. Seet","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2022.1604572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604572","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Hospital outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection are dreaded but preventable catastrophes. We review the literature to examine the pattern of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hospitals and identify potential vulnerabilities to mitigate the risk of infection. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Scopus) were searched from inception to July 27, 2021 for publications reporting SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in hospital. Relevant articles and grey literature reports were hand-searched. Results: Twenty-seven articles that described 35 SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks were included. Despite epidemiological investigations, the primary case could not be identified in 37% of outbreaks. Healthcare workers accounted for 40% of primary cases (doctors 17%, followed by ancillary staff 11%). Mortality among infected patients was approximately 15%. By contrast, none of the infected HCWs died. Several concerning patterns were identified, including infections involving ancillary staff and healthcare worker infections from the community and household contacts. Conclusion: Continuous efforts to train-retrain and enforce correct personal protective equipment use and regular routine screening tests (especially among ancillary staff) are necessary to stem future hospital outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45971983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence From the Decade of Action for Road Safety: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Interventions in Low and Middle-Income Countries","authors":"Maryam Tavakkoli, Zahra Torkashvand-Khah, G. Fink, Amirhossein Takian, N. Kuenzli, D. de Savigny, Daniel Cobos Muñoz","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2022.1604499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604499","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of road safety interventions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), considering the principles of systems theory presented in the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety. Methods: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched for original research studies published during 2011–2019 in the following databases: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Global Health Library, ProQuest and TRID. We included studies conducted in LMICs, evaluating the effects of road traffic safety interventions and reporting health-related outcomes. Results: Of 12,353 non-duplicate records, we included a total of 33 studies. Most interventions were related to legislation and enforcement (n = 18), leadership (n = 5) and speed management (n = 4). Overall, legislation and enforcement interventions appear to have the largest impact. Few studies were found for road infrastructure, vehicle safety standard and post crash response interventions. Conclusion: Based on the currently available evidence, legislation and enforcement interventions appear most impactful in LMICs. However, many interventions remain understudied and more holistic approaches capturing the complexity of road transport systems seem desirable. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=197267, identifier CRD42020197267.","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43187121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Policies and Their Implementation in Africa: A Systematic Review","authors":"M. Kassa, J. Grace","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2021.1604310","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To synthesize the existing evidence on NCD policy equity, policy practices, and policy implementation gaps to prevent NCDs in African countries. Methods: Following the PRISMA-Extension for equity-focused review guidelines, the authors systematically searched documentary evidence from seven databases (BMC, CINHAL Plus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify studies conducted and published on African countries between April 2013 and December 31, 2020. Results: From identified 213 records, 21 studies were included in the final synthesis. Major results showed inadequate studies on NCD policy, unsatisfactory NCD-related policy development, poor policy implementation, lack of policy equity to combat NCDs, and lack of data recorded on NCDs’ prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Conclusion: The rigorous WHO-endorsed NCD policies and prevention strategies on the African continent might debar African policymakers and leaders from developing and implementing indigenous NCD-combating strategies. Continent-wide innovative and indigenous NCD-prevention policies and policy equity to effectively prevent, control, and manage NCDs must be developed by African scientists and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48412423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Efforts Towards Capacity Building in International and Global Health","authors":"A. Hoffmann","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2022.1604688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604688","url":null,"abstract":"Academic capacity building of health personnel in international and global health, based on scientific evidence, is one of the pillars of the global strategy on human resources for health (HRH) [1]. Academic partnerships often focus on supporting institutions in single low-and middleincome countries (LMIC), successfully shown with the large-scale program for Rwanda [2], or establishing a multidisciplinary, international PhD network for training future researchers in Africa [3]. With the aim to establish a transnational Master program in Global/International Health, tropEd, an international training network exists since 25 years. With an initial funding under the umbrella of the European Erasmus program und exclusively with European universities as members, the network rapidly increased the number of members of non-European universities. Today the network—formally an association under German law since 2003—consists of 27 institutions of higher education from Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. Whereas in the first years the mobility of students and teaching staff was prioritised, nowadays the exchange of experiences, a common standard of education in global health, and the quality assurance of teaching offers are in the focus. Reflecting on the 25th anniversary of the network, the history of tropEd gives an excellent example, that long-term partnerships and collaborations of dedicated individuals and institutions are the key for successfully contributing to capacity building on the individual, but also at the institutional level. Students completing a Master’s program at one of the member institutions value the new knowledge and skills acquired as essential and for many of them the program laid the ground for job promotion [4]. In addition, the majority of students from LMICs remains in their country of origin after graduation, supporting their health systems in the daily fight against manifold challenges. As students register at one of the member universities, but can take courses at any member institution, the quality assurance of offered courses is seen as one major task of the network. tropEd does not deliver the Master degree itself, therefore the network defined a framework with common minimum academic and quality assurance structures, content and criteria [5]. The national accredited degree of the respective member university must adhere to these standards to be recognized as a “tropEd Master in International Health” [5]. In addition, such a tropEd recognition will be delivered to a student only, if she/he took at least courses worth ten ECTS credit points outside the home institution. As a first step of the institutional quality assurance, institutions applying for membership have to undergo a formalized self-evaluation, followed by a site visit of a member of tropEd’s Executive Committee, including discussions with students, staff and management of the applying institution; Edited and reviewed by: Kasia Czabanowska, Maastricht Univers","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42034494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Inequities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Review and Synthesis of Public Health Recommendations.","authors":"Chloe Brown,&nbsp;Katie Wilkins,&nbsp;Amy Craig-Neil,&nbsp;Tara Upshaw,&nbsp;Andrew David Pinto","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604031","DOIUrl":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic should take into account worsening health inequities. While many public health experts have commented on inequities, no analysis has yet synthesized recommendations into a guideline for practitioners. The objective of this rapid review was to identify the areas of greatest concern and synthesize recommendations. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a rapid systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020178131). We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from December 1, 2019 to April 27, 2020. We included English language peer-reviewed commentaries, editorials, and opinion pieces that addressed the social determinants of health in the context of COVID-19. <b>Results:</b> 338 articles met our criteria. Authors represented 81 countries. Income, housing, mental health, age and occupation were the most discussed social determinants of health. We categorized recommendations into primordial, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention that spoke to the social determinants of COVID-19 and equity. <b>Conclusion:</b> These recommendations can assist efforts to contain COVID-19 and reduce health inequities during the pandemic. Using these recommendations, public health practitioners could support a more equitable pandemic response. <b>Systematic Review Registration</b>: PROSPERO, CRD42020178131.</p>","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"42 ","pages":"1604031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8802804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39904799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swiss Cohort & Biobank - The White Paper.","authors":"Nicole Probst-Hensch,&nbsp;Murielle Bochud,&nbsp;Arnaud Chiolero,&nbsp;Luca Crivelli,&nbsp;Julia Dratva,&nbsp;Antoine Flahault,&nbsp;Daniel Frey,&nbsp;Nino Kuenzli,&nbsp;Milo Puhan,&nbsp;L Suzanne Suggs,&nbsp;Corina Wirth","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2022.1605660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1605660","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of longitudinal surveillance, population-based cohort studies have the advantage of having the whole healthcare system under surveillance and not just individuals treated in centralized university hospitals. This is of particular relevance in Switzerland in the absence of broadly accessible ambulatory care data. Thus, population-based cohort data also provides primary care physicians with an important evidence-base on the long-term population health impact of their care activities.","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"43 ","pages":"1605660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9817110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9534598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards \"Groundtextual\" Public Health: The Need for a Critical and Transformative Approach.","authors":"Kesavan Rajasekharan Nayar","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2021.1604639","url":null,"abstract":"Public health theory, practice, and education that do not relate to the context become irrelevant. “Groundtextual” is a neologism of grounded and contextual public health which has both universalistic and particularistic elements in its package and should be capable of responding to local challenges. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the current state of public health as it is a popular course in many universities and institutes. In any context, public health with a universalistic framework, strategy, or theory and methods needs to face the challenge of the diversities across regions and states. Experience in research with such diversities also prompts this paper as data from such different contexts make it a challenging task to develop uniform strategies. It is also extremely challenging because, in many instances, lack of data reduces public health to a “silent science.” Public health is now reduced to a data science. Especially, the prominence given to statistics, quantitative applications, and some broad theoretical notions means that scholars are unable to respond given the absence of reliable data on many infections except some easy-toimplement microanalyses. However, such prominence of quantification gives it an appearance of a universal science. There exists an assumption among public health scholars, termed as a “laminar view,” which assumes that if one adopts a mechanical methodological approach similar to some of the normal sciences, it is possible to capture the phenomena consisting of issues related to health and health services in an uninterrupted flow. However, this is a myth as there are many conflicting spheres in public health especially when many social, cultural, and political contexts influence the phenomena. Most of the decision-making within the health services system is taken within the political sphere and is largely eminence-based because of the priorities and imperatives of the sphere itself. Such conflicts between the spheres and levels may not be revealed or may be captured only superficially in so-called mythicized and pedantic surveys and statistical research. The social sphere is also difficult to capture unless the researchers have unusually creative as well as responsive abilities. It is unrealistic to assume that any single study should or can investigate the entire gamut of the process and dynamics of the public health phenomena especially because of its complexity. The need for an iterative process which moves from simple level exploratory approaches to more complex and abstract constructions is to be recognized. But this is the missing link that gets lost in the present race for outputs which can be categorized as market-decided research, the so-called flourishing “knowledge market.” This commentary is intended to reflect on these challenges and to create reflexive responses by the scholars in public health. This is especially important given the observation regarding the “silence of majority” of pub","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"42 ","pages":"1604639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8758576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39904802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse Approaches to Creating and Using Causal Loop Diagrams in Public Health Research: Recommendations From a Scoping Review.","authors":"Lori Baugh Littlejohns, Carly Hill, Cory Neudorf","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604352","DOIUrl":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Complex systems thinking methods are increasingly called for and used as analytical lenses in public health research. The use of qualitative system mapping and in particular, causal loop diagrams (CLDs) is described as one promising method or tool. To our knowledge there are no published literature reviews that synthesize public health research regarding how CLDs are created and used. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a scoping review to address this gap in the public health literature. Inclusion criteria included: 1) focused on public health research, 2) peer reviewed journal article, 3) described and/or created a CLD, and 4) published in English from January 2018 to March 2021. Twenty-three articles were selected from the search strategy. <b>Results:</b> CLDs were described as a new tool and were based upon primary and secondary data, researcher driven and group processes, and numerous data analysis methods and frameworks. Intended uses of CLDs ranged from illustrating complexity to informing policy and practice. <b>Conclusion:</b> From our learnings we propose nine recommendations for building knowledge and skill in creating and using CLDs for future public health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"42 ","pages":"1604352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8712315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39609489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Governance for Improved Human, Animal, and Planetary Health: The Essential Role of Schools and Programs of Public Health.","authors":"John Middleton, Dorothy Biberman, Laura Magana, Rocio Saenz, Wah Yun Low, Philip Adongo, Gregory S Kolt, Rajendra Surenthirakumaran","doi":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604610","DOIUrl":"10.3389/phrs.2021.1604610","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35944,"journal":{"name":"PUBLIC HEALTH REVIEWS","volume":"42 ","pages":"1604610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8711018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39904801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}