International Affairs and Global Strategy最新文献

{"title":"Review on Perception and Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers’ to Climate Change in Ethiopia","authors":"Tilahun Kenea","doi":"10.7176/iags/82-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/82-03","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopian Smallholder farmers is highly vulnerable to climate variability and  change due to its great reliance on  climate sensetive economy .Different empirical evidence's has put forward about climate change perception and adaptation practices.However, the findings of  major  studies are highly aggregated and are of little help in addressing  local peculiarities of perception and adaptation strategies .While, others were vague to understandand  and finally difficult to implement at farm level. Hence ,this paper reviews the empirical literature on smallholder farmers’ perceptions and adaptation strategies of climate change in Ethiopia with specific objectives of; to review the Smallholder framers’ perception to climate change, to identify climate change adaptation strategies used by Smallholder farmers’ and to review factors that determine smallholder farmers choice of  climate change adaptation strategies in Ethiopia.This paper was prepared through wide spread review of  empirical  evidence's. The review found that the majority of farmers in Ethiopia are aware of climate change in average change in temperatures and rainfall pattern with passion of weather extremes such as droughts ,floods,pest and disease manifestation. To deal with up the unfavorable sound effects of climate change, farmers have adopted strategies like crop diversification, using improved varieties, changing planting and harvesting dates, irrigation, planting tree crops, water and soil conservation techniques,switching to non-farm income activities, marketing during forage shock, using drought tolerant breed andfodder preservation.But , preference of adaptation strategies differs from place to place, farms to farms, and households capacity. At household level, most of the empirical evidence revealed Agro-ecological setting, sex, education level, landholding, farm income, non-farm income, livestock ownership, access to credit, extension visit, farmer-to-farmer extension, access to climate information and average distance from home to the farm have significant influence on the choice of climate adaptation strategies.The review result depicted that  there is much dearth of empirical evidences regarding  livestock sectors so far as much of the research is focused on crop sector's.Therefore, it has been suggested to further investigate deep rooted emperical evidence's on adaptation strategies of livestock sectors and available indigenous knowledge especially in pastoral  areas.Further more, there is a need to explore impacts of climate change and single adaptation strategies on livelihood of smallholder's farmers at each farm level autonomously. Keywords: adaptation strategies; climate change; Ethiopia, perceptions; Smallholder farmer's DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/82-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114755588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budget Deficit and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL-VAR Model Approach","authors":"Endashaw Sisay Sirah","doi":"10.7176/iags/82-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/82-01","url":null,"abstract":"Budget deficit is the major problem of most developing countries. As depend on the theory economic growth and budget deficit relationship has no clear conclusion. The conducted studies shows in different developing countries the relation between budget deficit and economic growth is vary as depend on their economy. Regarding to this, the researcher is focus to see the relation between budget deficit and economic growth in Ethiopia from the period of 1974/75 to 2019/2020. Under this study the researcher used Autoregressive distributed lag and vector autoregressive model to see the long run, short run relationship and causality of budget deficit and economic growth. The study pass all tests like Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-  test statistic, diagnostic test of residual for ARDL model ,“F” and “t”  bound test. The depicted result told that there is long run positive relationship between budget deficit and economic growth, which is consistent from Keynesians School. Moreover negative relationship between external debt and budget deficit is recorded. The impact of inflation rate and tax revenue is insignificant in both long run and short run. In short run both external debt and economic growth has negative relationship which assert the Freidman and neo-classical paradigm. Depend on the study result the researcher forward some recommendation for the government.  The government should spend on productive economic activity to generate enough revenue and rise up economic growth.  Moreover, other interested researcher can improve this study by including other macroeconomic variables and looking the study with longitudinal investigation. Keywords: - ARDL model, Budget Deficit, Ethiopia, Economic Growth DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/82-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131704375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Crime of Genocide in Ethiopian Criminal Law: Analysis of Its Definition and Scope in Light of International Criminal Law","authors":"Diriba Tulu","doi":"10.7176/iags/82-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/82-02","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to analysis the definition and scope of the crime of Genocide under Ethiopian criminal law in light of GC and ICC Statute. The paper is normative legal research by using statute, case, and conceptual approaches. The legal material analysis technique is done by the qualitative method of interpretation. The result showed that the definition of the crime of genocide and scope of possible victims provided under Ethiopian criminal law is wider than what is stated under the international criminal law. Keywords: Genocide Convention, ICC Statute, Ethiopian Penal Code, Penal Code, FDRE Criminal code. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/82-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130964776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Development Law and Multidisciplinary Sustainable Development-oriented Efforts towards the Wellbeing of Humans and Overall Resources of Nature","authors":"Edward T. Bristol-Alagbariya","doi":"10.7176/iags/81-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/81-08","url":null,"abstract":"Humanity and society at large are in the age of sustainable development (SD). SD is the engineering force of society in the 21 st Century. Individuals, other units and sectors of society are eager to achieve SD. It is an unavoidable paradigm that underpins most, if not all, actions of humans, units of society, and society at large. Increasing ongoing efforts and activities of individuals, other units and sectors, particularly those of governments of sovereign states, demonstrate that there is an all-round global quest for SD. Thus, public sector governments, international institutions, international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society groups within domestic jurisdictions of sovereign states are committed to SD, so as to promote and actualise its achievement. Also, all professions and disciplines of the knowledge industry are committed to SD, albeit realising that to achieve it requires multidisciplinary, multifaceted, multi-sectoral, multi-dimensional, versatile and all-encompassing approaches. The aim of this study is to approach SD from the background of law and examine it as a multidisciplinary subject-matter, so as to sensitise countries and peoples of the world to promote and actualise the wellbeing of the human race and society at large. It emphasises continuous improvement of the wellbeing of the human race, other life forms and natural resources, as well as vibrant harmonious co-existence between all nations and peoples of the globe on our Planet Earth. Keywords: Sustainable Development (SD); Sustainable Development Law (SD Law); United Nations (UN); Wellbeing; Environment; Development; Conferences; Summits; Humans (Humanity/Humankind); Natural Resources; Conservation; Ecosystem; Planet Earth; Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs); Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)  and Natural Resources. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/81-08 Publication date: April 30 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116152247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Policies and Strategies for Challenges Encountering Ethiopian Urban Centers","authors":"Daniel Amente Kenea","doi":"10.7176/iags/81-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/81-02","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is one of the less urbanized countries in the world in spite of the fact that urban population is increasing rapidly. If managed proactively, urban population growth presents a huge opportunity to shift the structure and location of economic activity from rural agriculture to the larger and more differentiated service sectors and urban industrial. Yet, if not managed proactively, rapid urban population growth may pose a demographic challenge as cities struggle to provide jobs, infrastructure and services, and housing to the residents. Inline of this reality, the paper attempted to provide mitigating policies and strategies to encounter existing challenges facing urban centers in Ethiopia. Keywords : Policies, Strategies, Urbanization, Challenges DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/81-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116880503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Representations and Visual Images in Foreign Policy Decision Making and Constituting of Identities: Turkish Foreign Policy Towards the Palestinian Issue as a Case","authors":"Tayyar Arı, E. Sultan","doi":"10.7176/iags/81-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/81-05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses how representations and visual images consider a significant factor that led the Turkish foreign policy towards the Palestinian issue during the Justice and Development Party (JDP) era. Discourse theory of Foucault and other theorists, which is part of post-structuralism will be used to show how representations and discursive practices are communicating truth within discourse formation, and reflect a reality to the policy makers, leading to actions and to rising up of other discursive practices taken by the leaders of the Turkish government, in turn, these discursive practices entitled new role identity for Turkey among the Palestinians, and the oppressed people in Islamic and neighbor countries. Three case studies about Israeli violation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territories will be used to show how photographs and media problematized, socialized and politicized some Israeli violations. While other case will be used to show how some issues face more violations by Israel, but they are not reached by media and their reality is not reflected by representations, consequently these humanitarian cases became unknown and actions that must be taken towards them are unthinkable. Key words: Representations, discursive practices, discursive formation, visual images, media, Turkish Foreign Policy, Arab-Israeli conflict. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/81-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128793834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indonesia “Active Free” Strategic Culture in Maintaining the “Balance of the Power” on the Southeast Asia Area","authors":"Wahyu Hidayanto, Harangan Sitorus, Mhd Halkis","doi":"10.7176/iags/81-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/81-04","url":null,"abstract":"The struggle for influence and power between west and east in the Southeast Asea Region needs to understand Indonesia's “Active Free” Strategic Culture as an indicator. Indonesia's neutrality in the regional political stage has been tested in the long history of ASEAN. Free and active strategic culture is a basic adaptive value that Indonesia has in understanding threats, the ability to respond to various interests and agreement not to interfere in the affairs of their respective countries. This study focuses on analyzing the free and active strategic culture in Indonesian defense diplomacy and analyzing how the Ministry of Defense uses the active and free strategic culture in strengthening Indonesia's defense diplomacy in the region of Southeast Asia. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenology approach. The results of the study show that officials at the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Defense Institute, and Indonesia Defence University related to a free and active strategic culture in strengthening Indonesia's defense diplomacy in the Southeast Asian region. The conclusion is that the Free Active strategic culture is still relevant as an instrument to adapt and strengthen Indonesia's defense diplomacy in the Southeast Asia region. Keywords : Strategic Culture, Free Active, Strategic, Diplomacy, ASEAN and Defense Diplomacy DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/81-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"48 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121197037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indonesia Defense Strategy Towards Indo-Pacific (Case Study: The ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific)","authors":"D. Oktaviano, Jonni Mahroza, Helda Risman","doi":"10.7176/iags/80-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/80-04","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of China's economy and military vis-a-vis US's strategy to regain its hegemony has shifted the global political constellation focus to the Southeast Asia region. The recent circumstance in the South China Sea followed by the intensification of the Indo-Pacific strategy, has not only, forcefully put the Southeast Asia region as a theater of China-US geopolitical rivalry, but also increasingly set the complexity of problems to the region. Responding to this context, on June 23, 2019, ASEAN adopted the ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific as foreign policy guidance for its member-states, including Indonesia as an initiator. The objective of this paper is to discuss Indonesia's strategy beyond the ASEAN Outlook. Theoretical framework of regional security complex and regional governance used in explaining the security architecture and political contestation among Southeast Asian countries, and how it influences their stances in ASEAN’s role as regional governance within its political mechanism in downplaying Indo-Pacific Strategy. Strategy theory used to analyze how Indonesia develop its strategy to initiate and promote the Outlook beyond its rational interest. Indonesia's role in the initiation and promotion of the ASEAN Outlook is played within the normative framework to upholding persistent regional stability and collective balancing towards the cogency of the Indo-Pacific strategy. Consequently, this condition impels a necessity for Indonesia to build its defense capability without setting aside the free and active policy. Keywords: Indo-Pacific, Regional Governance, Security Complex, Southeast Asia; Strategy, The ASEAN Outlook DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/80-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":" 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133020576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and Conflict Management: The Role of Women’s in Indigenous Conflict Resolutions for Peace Building in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"E. K. Bayu","doi":"10.7176/iags/80-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/80-01","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence from around the world and across cultures showed that integrating women and gender considerations into peace-building processes helps to promote democracy, good governance, long-term stability and development . The inclusion of gender perspectives into conflict analyses can be beneficial not only to ensure better understanding of conflict dynamics, but also to highlight the linkages with development and poverty issues. Hence, the current review is aims to assess the role of women’s in indigenous conflict resolution in different regions of Ethiopia. All available materials were reviewed. The results of the review disclosed that even if women’s formal participation in the highest leadership positions were formally closed, it is documented that throughout the world, women had played critical roles in times of wars and peace as community organizers and activists. The findings further showed that the role and participation of women in the indigenous conflict management mechanisms is low and insignificant in Tigray. In indigenous system, women play an indirect role in Amhara and Tigray. In Oromia region, women have a great role in solving conflicts among Oromo clans by intervene and request for reconciliation by using the institution called Siqqe . They also have the right and power to reconcile Oromo people to their God called Waqqa by praying to God for them. In Somalia, Women’s also play multiple roles before, during and after conflicts. Women of South nations and nationality play different roles in addressing conflicts either along with men or alone and the male based institutions address conflicts in equal basis irrespective of sex. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that, Ethiopian women’s play a pivotal role and still working to maintain peace and security across all provinces of the country. Therefore, women should be respected as they have a lion share role in indigenous conflict resolutions as well as they should be empowered to involve in peace promotion and peacemaking at regional and country level . Keywords: Gender, Indigenous, Conflict resolutions, Peace building, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/80-01 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123664363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pakistan-Us Alien Associations in the Perspective of Media and Geo-Politics","authors":"M. Qadri, Zeeshan Faisal Khan","doi":"10.7176/iags/80-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/iags/80-03","url":null,"abstract":"In Asia, the exceptionally associated accomplice of United States is Pakistan. Three essential commitments are investigated as far as Pakistan- United States contact together with the Cold Pakistan is the main exchange companion of America and requires developing its fare base in America particularly in the territory of cotton related items while allowing for the arrangement of amount organized commerce with America. To the extent worldwide harmony quality is concerned, Pakistan is constantly expected to be a critical partner of worldwide affiliation. This paper is talking about the Pakistan- United States association with regards to Media and Geopolitics particularly at the time of 2000-2015 and furthermore featured that the said association can help the monetary presentation of together the nations on one hand and upgrades the tranquility of the district on another hand. Keywords: Pakistan, United States, Geo Politics, Media DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/80-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020","PeriodicalId":358479,"journal":{"name":"International Affairs and Global Strategy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124178339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}