Journal of Environmental Management最新文献

{"title":"Short-term probabilistic microcystin prediction using Bayesian model averaging.","authors":"Song S Qian, Craig A Stow, Sabrina Jaffe","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a dynamic modeling approach for predicting the risk of high microcystin concentrations in Western Lake Erie. At the center of our model is an empirical model based on a basic mechanistic assumption about microcystin production in lakes (i.e., microcystin concentration is proportional to the biomass of cyanobacteria Microcystis spp.). Using the Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach, we allow the proportional constant to vary by year and season. An iterative updating algorithm was used to sequentially update the model, allowing the hierarchical model be used for short-term forecasting as new data become available. Our predictive model includes an ensemble of four alternative representations of seasonal variation. These alternatives are evaluated at each iterative step and the short-term prediction is the weighted average of these alternative predictions with weighs based on their predictive accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124378"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar mitigates methane emissions from organic mulching in urban soils: Evidence from a long-term mesocosm experiment.","authors":"Imrul Kayes, Md Abdul Halim, Sean C Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with high global warming potential, significantly contributes to urban GHG emissions. Organic mulching, commonly practiced in urban forestry, may promote CH₄ emissions via anaerobic decomposition; yet its impact on the urban carbon budget has largely been unexamined. Biochar has shown promise in mitigating CH₄ emissions in agricultural soils, but its effectiveness in urban mulched systems remains unknown. This study employed a mesocosm experiment to investigate the effects of organic mulches (woodchips and bark) and biochar amendments (50 t/ha), applied either on the surface (top-dressed) or incorporated (mixed), on fluxes of CH₄, CO₂, and H₂O. Fluxes were measured using an off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy analyzer. Results indicate that mulched soils emitted CH₄ at 1.0-1.5 nmol m⁻^2.s⁻¹, whereas biochar amendments promoted CH₄ uptake, in the case of both woodchips (-1.65 ± 1.03 nmol m⁻^2.s⁻¹) and bark mulch (-0.49 ± 0.16 nmol m⁻^2.s⁻¹) by the second year. Mixed treatments showed greater CH₄ uptake; for instance, incorporating biochar into bark mulch led to a mean CH₄ uptake (-2.02 ± 1.02 nmol m⁻^2.s⁻¹), nearly fivefold greater than controls. While mulch additions reduced water loss and increased soil organic carbon-factors contributing to CH₄ emissions-biochar amendments increased CO₂ emissions by 26.7%-121.1%. Biochar-mediated CH₄ uptake correlated with substrate pH, bulk density, and C:N ratio, suggesting enhanced microbial activity and increased CO₂ release. Overall, findings indicate that biochar, combined with organic mulching, can serve as an effective GHG mitigation strategy, informing climate-smart soil management in urban landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124525"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional risk assessment of marine litter pollution in the ecologically fragile coral atolls of India.","authors":"P Hari Praved, K V Neethu, S Bijoy Nandan, N G Athul Krishna, B P Aneesh, N Deepak Sankar, Hanse Antony, E H Aravind","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marine litter (ML), predominantly plastic, threatens oceanic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning globally. However, limited knowledge exists about its impact on India's coastal areas, particularly the Lakshadweep Islands, the nation's sole coral atolls. Within this frame of reference, the present study comprehensively investigated the distribution, abundance, typology, and ecological risks associated with ML across 28 beaches and three lagoon reef stations on Kavaratti Island. A total of 32,710 litter items, divided into 11 categories, were found with an average litter density of 0.82 ± 0.80 items/m². Plastic litter emerged as the most prevalent category across the study area, constituting 63.7% of the total, and public littering was identified as the primary source (43%). Assessments of environmental quality and ecological risk, employing indices like the Clean Coast Index (CCI), Plastic Abundance Index (PAI), Hazardous Litter Index (HLI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Environmental Status Index (ESI), identified the Lakshadweep coastline as being at risk due to litter pollution and hazardous litter abundance. The mean concentration of trapped litter on the coral reef was estimated at 1.73 ± 0.46 items/m², with a PLI value of 53.4, indicating an alarming ecological risk and highly perilous condition for the lagoon reef ecosystem. Approximately 5.94% ± 0.18% of coral colonies, particularly of the Porites genus, were found in contact with ML, with a significant proportion displaying signs of disease and tissue loss (59.37%), and partial bleaching or pale (14.86%). The results highlight the growing threat of litter to beach and coral communities, emphasizing the urgent need for effective regional litter management, strengthened policies for banning and phasing out single-use plastics in Lakshadweep, and efficient transportation of non-biodegradable waste to authorized recyclers on the mainland.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124578"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance and propulsion trade-offs induced by different morphologies: Insights for fish conservation.","authors":"Lin Sun, Jia Li, Min Chen, ChingHao Yu, Ruidong An","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the adaptive relationships between fish morphology and water flow and leveraging this knowledge to shape water flow conditions beneficial for the conservation of rare fish are critical for their protection. This study integrates a high-precision fish model with a wave equation motion framework to accurately analyze and visualize the forces acting on various parts of fish bodies during swimming. The results quantitatively reveal the trade-offs in resistance and propulsion between two fish morphologies. For Carassius auratus, a propulsive force advantage is observed within a velocity range of 0-0.6 m/s, while Schizothorax prenanti demonstrates a staged propulsive advantage as velocity increases. Specifically, S. prenanti achieves maximum propulsion more rapidly at 0.4 m/s, maintains higher propulsion values at 0.6 m/s, and demonstrates adaptability to water velocities of 1 m/s, which prove insurmountable for C. auratus. Furthermore, a detailed analysis uncovers a strong correlation between fish morphology and biomechanical performance. The long-term adaptation of S. prenanti to flowing water environments is driven by its low-resistance morphology, enabling it to dominate despite generating less propulsion than C. auratus. Conversely, C. auratus, adapted to low-flow environments, prioritizes strong propulsion at the cost of heightened resistance in high-flow conditions. This study establishes a morphology-biomechanics-flow environment framework, enabling researchers to design flow conditions that align with the mechanical advantages of target fish species. Such an approach offers a novel perspective for fish habitat management and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124507"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How could we move beyond growth? Outlines of an alternative ecological currency.","authors":"Michael Lainé","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124571","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moving beyond growth, the promise of which is the cornerstone of our economic foundations, without relinquishing prosperity is the biggest challenge facing economists today. The aim of this article is to propose a novel policy: replacing the existing currency with an alternative money denominated in \"ecological footprint\", a biophysical metric developed by the Global Footprint Network which assesses the consumption of natural resources and ecosystem services and the toll of pollution and waste on the biosphere. Thus, economic value would be aligned with ecological value, and by pursuing their personal interests, people would aim at the greater ecological good. Since prices would refer to natural realities, there would be limited chances of overshoot, inflation and speculation. The most harmful goods and services would become too expensive; their production would therefore cease. It would entail a change in mindsets: \"wealth\" would become what we can ecologically afford. This alternative money could help to reach a post-growth economy. We draw on theories of endogenous money to show that 1) there cannot be an excess of monetary creation, 2) positive interest rates do not imply growth, 3) in a post-growth economy profits are still possible. We end by reflecting on the feasibility of the transition period to this alternative currency.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124571"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating urban climate resilience in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration: A novel method integrating the DPSIR model and Sustainable Development Goals.","authors":"Ran Yi, Yanan Chen, An Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interplay between climate change and socio-economic activities has placed cities at the forefront of climate-related threats. Evaluating and enhancing urban climate resilience are widely regarded as effective strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. This study aims to develop a more logical, comprehensive, and replicable urban climate resilience assessment framework to accurately evaluate and enhance urban climate resilience, thereby supporting urban growth and development in climate change. Specifically, the study focused on the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA), a region with typical climate risks, using the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model to construct an urban climate resilience assessment framework and selecting evaluation indicators based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including a new index: government climate policy concern. Subsequently, spatial autocorrelation, geographically and temporally weighted regression model, the coupling and coordination degree model, and the super-SBM model were applied. This approach revealed the spatial and temporal evolution trends, driving factors, coupling coordination degree, and construction efficiency of urban climate resilience in the YRDUA from 2013 to 2021. The results show that: (1) Urban climate resilience levels exhibited significant regional disparities, with a mean resilience score of 0.256 and an average annual growth rate of 1.21%. (2) A notable spatial correlation was observed in urban climate resilience, with the radius of the High-High cluster area expanding, while the radius of the Low-Low cluster area contracted. (3) The key factors driving urban climate resilience included water and forest coverage areas, climate policy concern, and investment in municipal public facilities construction. The impact of these factors displayed notable spatial heterogeneity. (4) The coupling coordination degree between resilience subsystems increased by 7.96%, yet remained on the verge of imbalance. Additionally, the average technical efficiency and scale efficiency of urban climate resilience construction rose by 7.43% and 5.44%, respectively, though significant room for improvement remains. Our research advocated for re-examining urban climate resilience through the lens of causality and sustainable development, offering valuable insights for policymakers in China and international initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124517"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of salinity stress on shifting microbial community and regulating N₂O and CO₂ dynamics in alkaline wetlands.","authors":"Dawen Gao, Xiaofei Gong, Huihui Su, Ao Xu, Zhenkun Liu, Hong Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasingly severe soil salinization in alkaline wetland due to elevated water evaporation under climate warming affected biogeochemical cycling processes, further threatening ecosystem imbalance and global greenhouse gas (GHG) budget. To reveal the underlying relationship between microbial dynamics, nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) characteristics under salinity stress in alkaline wetland, a 40-day microcosm experiment was conducted using soil collected from Zhalong wetland in northern China. The physiochemical properties, bacterial community, N₂O and CO₂ emissions were observed in responses to different salinity gradients (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.0%). The results showed that 1.0% salinity significantly increased cumulative N₂O emissions by 578.5% and decreased cumulative CO₂ emissions by 58.8% (p < 0.05). Increased nutrients (TOC, NO₃^--N) and decreased pH induced by salinity significantly regulated N₂O (p < 0.05) and CO₂ emissions (p < 0.01). Salinity led to significant loss of bacterial community diversity and strongly altered key bacteria related to C and N cycling. The salinity-sensitive taxa Gaiella and higher abundances of NorB than NosZ facilitated incomplete denitrification process, contributing to N₂O emissions. Moreover, restrained genes involved in multiple CO₂ production such as organics decomposition (glxk), microbial respiration (coxC) and methane oxidation (pmoA, pmoB) enabled alkaline wetland a CO₂ sink under salinity stress. This study can provide new insights into salinity on microbial responses and GHG budgets in alkaline wetlands under the increasingly severe salinization trend.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124603"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facilitating multiple nitrite for anammox process directly treating municipal wastewater: Optimized organics utilization and microbial composition.","authors":"Wanyi Feng, Qiong Zhang, Jialin Li, Jinjin Liu, Chenxue Duan, Yi Peng, Yongzhen Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While direct anammox implementation is attractive when treating wastewater, nitrite (NO₂^--N) availability and excess organic matter significantly limit its practical application. This study proposed partial nitrification and endogenous partial denitrification/anammox (PN/A-EPD/A) for the treatment of real municipal wastewater (COD/N ratio: 2.8) within a single-stage reactor under anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic mode. Interestingly, with reducing dissolved oxygen concentration (5.0 ± 1.0 → 1.0 ± 0.5 mg-O₂/L) during aerobic phase, Comammox Nitrospira clade A became dominated and introduced vast nitrate (NO₃^--N) into the subsequent anoxic stage. Both in-situ and ex-situ tests confirmed that sufficient NO₃^--N as electron acceptors were in favor of the EPD/A occurrence with endogenous organics utilization, which was obtained by anaerobic endogenous transformation. Metagenomic results confirmed the role of Thauera in facilitating NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N process, and further supporting AnAOB. As a result, Ca. Brocadia gradually enriched on granules (from 0.08% to 3.51%) and contributed up to 51.5 % to total inorganic nitrogen removal through the PN/A-EPD/A process. Optimized carbon utilization pathway promoted the re-cooperative balance of microorganisms and this process achieved efficient nitrogen removal (93.5%) and desirable quality of effluent (3.2 mg-N/L) when treating real municipal wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124460"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation methods for Trollius mountain flowers in Xinjiang, China under climate change: Habitat networks construction based on habitat suitability and protected areas optimization response.","authors":"Wenhao Fan, Yanyun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mountain flower species tend to be more climate-sensitive. Trollius is a mountain flower species of ecological and cultural significance in Xinjiang, China, but climate change has caused habitat fragmentation, which is the dominant threat to their survival. However, the precise mechanism of how climate change affects their distribution and the extent of habitat fragmentation remains unclear. Accordingly, Modeling was employed to obtain Trollius's habitat changes and fragmentation indices under different periods and climate scenarios. Based on this, the study identified potential corridors, evaluated habitat network patterns, and performed spatial optimization. The results demonstrated that Trollius species don't have the same climate adaptation ability. T. asiaticus exhibits exceptional climate adaptation with habitat expansion and minimal fragmentation, but the other species' habitat area and connectivity index dropped markedly. The Tien Shan and Altay Mountains represent the primary habitat sources of Trollius, while the Western Junggar Mountains serve as a crucial stepping stone. Habitat clusters are predominantly connected by short but efficient primary corridors, which showed stability when facing climatic fluctuation. Highly centralized \"source-corridor\" systems require enhanced identifying of pinch points and removing barrier points to ensure high connectivity. Furthermore, the protected areas system is inadequate in its protective function, with less than 7% of habitat areas covered by nature reserves and less than 15% covered by nature parks. The findings can provide scientific basis and methodological support for regional climate strategy making on biodiversity conservation and the optimization of protected areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124519"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying critical riparian zones for eco-environmental management of the Yangtze River through pollution mapping.","authors":"Biqing Xia, Sisi Li, Zhigang Mei, Wangzheng Shen, Menghan Mi, Ziqi Qiang, Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Riparian zones, which are critical interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are essential for biodiversity, water quality, and landscape stability but are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities. The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia, the riparian zones of which are highly affected by humans, however, they are less studied in terms of pollution change and distribution, which hinders efficient eco-environmental management. This study explored land use and nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution variations in the middle and lower Yangtze River riparian zones from 1995 to 2015 and identified critical risky segments as management priorities. The results revealed great human interventions: Agricultural and constructed lands accounted for 55.2% and 10.2% of the riparian zones, respectively, in 2015, whereas wetlands declined by 2.5% per decade. Using a modified export coefficient model considering terrestrial, climatic, and socioeconomic variations, we found that the nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the riparian zones exhibited a general decline over the two decades, but increased in certain segments due to urbanization. Approximately 10% of the segments contributed over 40% of the nutrient loads. In addition, some river segments with high nutrient loads coincided with ecologically sensitive zones with higher water-quality requirements. Hence, we identified critical riparian zones with higher pollution reduction requirements and management priorities, primarily in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. This study integrates pollution-load mapping with water-quality target consideration, guiding resource allocation for pollution-control measures, and thus promoting the sustainable management of a key eco-environmental system in Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Management","volume":"376 ","pages":"124555"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}