Petroleum and Chemical Industry International最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Study of Corrosion, Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics of Tungsten inert Gas and Friction Stir Welded Joints","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminium alloys are welded using both tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and friction stir welding (FSW). FSW doesn’t need any filler material and shielding gas which results in reduced degradation of the environment. In the present study, joints with FSW and TIG processes were compared in terms of microstructure, corrosion resistance, mechanical, and electrical properties. With a microstructural study, the average grain size of various regions was determined. Coarse grain increases the rate of exfoliation corrosion. The fine grain structure in the FSW stir zone increases the hardness. The coarse grains are a prerequisite for enhanced electrical conductivity. The coarse grains in the heat-affected zone and thermomechanically affected zones of FSW joints result in increased electrical conductivity. In the case of friction stir welded joints, there is an inverse relationship between hardness and electrical conductivity. As hardness increases, electrical conductivity decreases, and vice versa. Hence, in the case of FSW hardness test can be substituted by an electrical conductivity test. In the case of TIG, no relation was found between hardness and electrical conductivity. High Silicon content at the weld region of TIG significantly reduces electrical conductivity","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"27 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132502481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofuel Production From Wood Shavings","authors":"Wood Shavings, I. O. Adewumi","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, wood shavings were sourced from a sawmill in Ibadan, Nigeria and treated to a 12% moisture content for size reduction using a hammer mill. A measuring balance was used to weigh the samples in increments of 1kg, and the wood shavings were processed with the assistance of the hammer mill for size reduction. The particles were then passed on to a pre-treatment chamber where water and tetraoxosulphate VI acid were added to the blend. The mixture was then pumped into a fermentation chamber where heat was introduced by a heater up to 100C. The experiment was conducted for various masses of wood shavings, and the amount of biofuel produced was measured in liters. The efficiency of the hammer mill was 84.6%, with a throughput capacity of 13.63 kg/hr. The mean efficiency of the pre-treatment chamber was calculated to be 82.29% with throughput capacity of 38.4 kg/hr. The final product, ethanol, was assessed for its physical and chemical properties in a laboratory setting, and it was found to be combustible and supported ignition. The amount of ethanol produced increased with the amount of feedstock used.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-salt Energy genesis, Brine Streams Replenishing Oil, Gas Salt Diapirs in “Salt Mirror Petroleum Formations\" – 40 Years in Retrospect, and Ancient Qanat Kare Mineral Salt Leaching Technology","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"The Geology of “Salt Mirrors” as he Responsible Hydraulic Mechanisms Enabling the Disappearance of Heavy Saline Waste Fluids, and other Waste Toxic Sediments into Deep Land and Ocean Aquifers.. A hydraulic mechanism which dissolves salt to form so-called “salt mirrors” results in exceptionally flat geological expanses of wetland, for example, suitable for solar evaporation pans. Whether initially in the form of evaporites, eutectic deposits, domes or other rock salt diapirs, the mechanism is proposed to be responsible for transporting most waste organic and inorganic debris into very deep aquifers in the water table: Specifically the interface of fresh water and heavy saturated brines in the water table initiates powerful horizontal and vertical liquid streams which are capable of collecting most sedimented waste material and concentrating it into heavy gradient saline pools. Based on observations made in 1953 and presented to the 4th Salt Symposium Ohio USA by M.R.Bloch, it is also proposed that this mechanism is responsible for the slurry concentrating function of huge quantities of decomposed biodiversity waste and transporting it to such subterranean reservoirs where it subsequently is transformed into crude petroleum. Historical this mechanism became nature's process of recycling waste to very great depths in the Earth's aquifers. It could also become the obvious destination for toxic RO reject brine. During mankind's short industrial timeline, raw chemical and even nuclear waste has been added to the equation and it is estimated that as this very deep interface of water and saturated brine rises together with the water table, and that it may percolate up through these same aquifers. This will be particularly true in the event that the water table rises due to predicted increased eustatic sea levels. Salt-driven wetlands and other historical saline concentrations and salt deposits are an integral part of the process in this mechanism and therefore careful control of these saline streams at their point of evolution must become a priority to sustaining such wetland sub oceanic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132363144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hypothesis of the Causes of Climate Change and the Possibility of Saving the Planet","authors":"O. Halidullin","doi":"10.4172/2375-446X.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"According to some reports, the planet is now beginning to die from greenhouse gases created by mankind. Some scientific community has agreed that all these gases come from fuel combustion. But there is another theory of the origin of greenhouse gases. This is the destruction of the hydrological cycle. For millions of years, the circulation of water between heaven and earth has been created. Flowing through the earth, streams, rivers, underground channels, water dissolves minerals, organic matter and transfers their molecules to the roots of plants and organisms of all living things from microscopic bacteria to elephants. From the moment of its appearance, man began to use water not only for drinking, but for many other non-natural purposes - washing, irrigating monocultures, storing, moving in pipes, channels with concrete and stone banks, technologies with a wide variety of non-natural transformations of compression, heating, storage, spraying, chemicals. Water returns back to the atmosphere without structural changes - as it came as rain, washed away dirt from hands and objects, cooled hot, passed through pipes, transferred feces, and returned to the sky with fumes. Its structure has not changed; it has not passed through a living organism or a plant. The moisture leaving the breath from the leaf of a plant has a structure with a new property, which differs not only from the moisture that has come to it, but also from the exhalations of neighboring plants and cells. Gathering together, all these vapors create a special substance, which, rising into the atmosphere, forms a unique raw material for each locality for the next precipitation formation.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127433032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 Degassing relate to 2021 Nyiragongo Volcan éruption","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"The Nyiragongo volcano in the western part of the African Rift has the deep fractures that a facilite the upwelling of gases before and after the eruption, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ). This paper presents the behaviour of carbon dioxide before and after the eruption on 22 May 2021. The Nyiragongo volcano eruption begun on 22 May 2021 at 18:15 LT (Local Time) in Goma. The lava flowed from the flanks of the volcano in two directions, one flow coming to a halt in the northeastern suburbs of Goma, The other flow cut off one kilometre of the national road 4 linking Goma to Butembo, a major regional road vital for suplying Goma town is frequently mentioned causing 32 victims, incorporation of volatile gases to the atmosphere, the destruction of 17 villages in the territory of Nyiragongo and crack in Goma and Gisenyi. The Nyiragongo Volcano is infamous for its extremely fluid lava that flows like water when the lava lake flows. This which is monitored by the scientific community of the Goma Volcanological Observatory (G .V. O), and the lava lake produces a huge amount of gas. CO2 is heavier than air, asphyxiating, and lethal at concentrations greater from 15%. The present paper shows the variation of CO2 near the volcano in monitoring sites to study the behavior one Month before the eruption, the CO2 showed an increasing trend in some sites and a few Months after the eruption we observed a slight decrease of 3% in all the CO2 monitoring sites. Nyiragongo is an important contributor of CO2 and SO2 to the troposphere. This 2021 eruption is similar to the one of 17 January 2002, which caused about 100 people’s death of and the evacuation of several people. The deadliest eruption of Nyiragongo was in 1977, when more than 600 people died. Post-eruption seismic activity was characterised by a large number of earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 or more. A few earthquakes of magnitude greater than 3.5 have been recorded by global seismic networks (USGS), the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 in 2002. Compared to other eruptions that Nyiragongo volcano has experienced, the seismic activity before the eruption of 22 May 2021 was not too alarming. This is because there were no strong earthquakes (greater than or equal to 3.5) that preceded the eruption a few months before, as had been noted in previous eruptions. After the eruption, exceptional seismic activity was noticed. Many earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 3.5 were recorded by the local seismographic network. These earthquakes were felt, the strongest having a magnitude of 5.2","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116193128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hypothesis of the Causes of Climate Change and the Possibility of Saving the Planet","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"According to some reports, the planet is now beginning to die from greenhouse gases created by mankind. Some scientific community has agreed that all these gases come from fuel combustion. But there is another theory of the origin of greenhouse gases. This is the destruction of the hydrological cycle. For millions of years, the circulation of water between heaven and earth has been created. Flowing through the earth, streams, rivers, underground channels, water dissolves minerals, organic matter and transfers their molecules to the roots of plants and organisms of all living things from microscopic bacteria to elephants. From the moment of its appearance, man began to use water not only for drinking, but for many other non-natural purposes - washing, irrigating monocultures, storing, moving in pipes, channels with concrete and stone banks, technologies with a wide variety of non-natural transformations of compression, heating, storage, spraying, chemicals. Water returns back to the atmosphere without structural changes - as it came as rain, washed away dirt from hands and objects, cooled hot, passed through pipes, transferred feces, and returned to the sky with fumes. Its structure has not changed; it has not passed through a living organism or a plant. The moisture leaving the breath from the leaf of a plant has a structure with a new property, which differs not only from the moisture that has come to it, but also from the exhalations of neighboring plants and cells. Gathering together, all these vapors create a special substance, which, rising into the atmosphere, forms a unique raw material for each locality for the next precipitation formation.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136335901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosivity Relationship For Management of Buried Pipelines:A Case Study of Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Control and management of corrosion have always been the concern of oil and gas asset management due to the challenging outcomes of failed facilities that lead to environmental pollution. Corrosion has an impact on human safety, environmental safety, and productivity. There are various ways of identifying environmental corrosivity, but there is no distinct map or relation for suggesting the corrosion severity of such an environment. This research aims to create a corrosion map using MATLAB for Rivers State, a mega oil-producing state in the Niger Delta, based on soil resistivity and pH across. The pilot test conducted using 40-point soil pH and resistivity data suggested that it is feasible to develop a unique corrosivity map for a region since the result showed an R-square value of 70.03%. However, possible constraints of the mapping process were discussed, as well as suggestions for a wider survey and improvement.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115088325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology of Creation of Cracks in Well-Borehole Zone of Formation","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.05.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.05.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The development of energy-saving technologies requires a new approach to intensifying oil production. The decline in well production rates in almost all oil and gas producing countries, as well as the commissioning of new oil fields with a complex geological structure, require new technological solutions to increase the permeability of the well bore zone of the oil reservoir. To penetrate low-permeability reservoirs, it is necessary to break the rock mass, creating a volumetric dense network of cracks. The existing technologies of mechanical action on the bottomhole zone either increase the pressure too slowly, which, when very high pressure is applied, leads to the formation of one crack, or with a rapid increase in pressure, they contribute to brittle crushing of the rock, but without developing cracks in the depth of the formation. It is desirable to use technology that can create cracks on the surface of the rock, and then fill them and develop them along the formation column in all directions. In addition, it is important that the proposed technologies are economical and have minimal damage to the environment.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126445732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Approach to the Analysis of Climate Data Dynamics in the Last 60 Years","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.05.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.05.02.08","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between global temperature increases and the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG) is assessed by a simple statistical analysis of measured data (20-year averaging). A purely empirically derived (transient) relationship for the last 60 years, covering an interval of roughly 100 ppm CO2 plus equivalent other greenhouse gases, is calculated. This is done by evaluating a differential quotient of temperature increase divided by GHG increase. Three different global temperature data bases are analyzed, i.e. GISTEMP, NOAA and HadCRUT5. All data sets show a very strict linear behavior (standard error relative to straight line ~1% for five 20-year-averaged values) if only CO2 is considered. An average value for this empirical “CO2 sensitivity” of the global temperature is around 0.011 °C/ppm CO2 (temperature including equivalent GHG and other effects). It is shown that this finding is equivalent to a similar linear relationship documented in the AR6 report of the IPPC (temperature vs. cumulative CO2 emissions). The role of other GHG and of aerosols is also discussed. According to the dynamic behavior of the temperatures in the last 60 years their influence seems to be smaller than assessed by the AR6 report for the time period of the last 170 years.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122389659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mini Review on Stability and Formation of Emulsion During Injection of Smart Water in Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.05.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.05.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most commonly used methods of enhanced oil recovery for use in carbonate reservoirs is the smart water injection method. Asphalt nitic compounds in the oil serve as natural surfactants and form water emulations in the oil when they are placed at the water and oil contact points. Besides, the salt contained in saltwater also contributes to the emulsion stability. Given that low-salty water and seawater are used for enhanced oil recovery, this process also increases the likelihood of the formation of W/O emulsions, so the assessment of the formation of W/O emulsions with low-salty water and seawater compounds and the stability of these emulsions due to the presence of different ions, can bring the conditions of formation of natural emulsions closer to actual events. Distinctive properties of injected water in order to form microemulsions of W/O and, the effect of concentration of ions in the injected smart water on the oil extraction efficiency have been investigated. Also, the formation of water emulsion in oil and its stability in oil sweeping in the formation in the case of smart water injection and its effect on the oil extraction efficiency have been discussed in full detail by presenting experimental results.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133176519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}