Petroleum and Chemical Industry International最新文献

{"title":"Economic Analysis of Flare gas recovery system in a Refinery plant in Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.12","url":null,"abstract":"The emission of greenhouse gases like methane and carbondioxide during gas flaring in the oil and gas refineries is of immense concern in mitigation of climate change. As a result of this, flare gas recovery system is encouraged through various policies to be installed in oil and gas refineries. The current work is on the economics analysis of flare gas recovery system in a refinery plant in Nigeria to determine the prospect and feasibility of installation and operation. The simulation of the system was carried out using Unisim Design 471 software, and the economic analysis conducted manually. The result of the cost estimation and profitability analysis show total purchased equipment cost ($52,327,866), total capital investment ($549,088,158), annual total production costs ($204,681,762), profit after tax ($2,007,068,515), rate of return (365.50 %) and payback time (3.28 months). Based on the result, the flare gas recovery system has a great prospect and feasibility, its installation and operation could help to minimize the greenhouse gases emission, energy consumption, create employment and increase the revenue generation of the refinery.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124556623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Refrigeration of Natural Gas Using Propane PreCooled Mixed Refrigerant and C1 -C3 Cascade Refrigerant","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.13","url":null,"abstract":"The liquefied natural gas remains the most viable means of global distribution of natural gas. Unfortunately, the liquefying process consumes high amount of energy impacting negatively on the economic viability of the LNG business. Based on this, the current work assesses the selection of propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant [C3 MR] and methane, ethane and propane [C1 -C3 ] refrigerant cascade system as a refrigerant with essential benefits in LNG production. The process was simulated using Aspen HYSYS, and its economic tool was used to carry out the techno economic analysis and estimate the duties of the two processes. The results obtained showed that the production cost were $20,345,490 and $114,796,200 for C1 -C3 cascade refrigeration system and C3 MR, respectively. The duty were 568.721 MW and 626.462 MW for the C1 -C3 cascade refrigeration system and C3MR, respectively. This shows that C1 -C3 cascade refrigeration system performed better than the C3 MR. Therefore, the former refrigerant is preferred in a liquefying process than the latter as it is cheaper, consumes less amount of energy and is more environmentally friendly.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114825862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Biodiesel Production","authors":"Kavinprabhu, V. Moorthi","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.11","url":null,"abstract":"The current focus on renewable energy as a means of mitigating carbon footprint and emission of greenhouse gases has gathered momentum over the years. Biodiesel is one of the promising alternatives for the replacement of the conventional diesel. Currently about 36 billion liters of biodiesel has been produced globally by different countries using various feedstock such as edible oils, non-edible oils, algae oil, genetically modified microbes and waste sludge oils. Several techniques such as direct blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking and transesterification etc, have been used for production of biodiesel from various feedstock. The measure of the effectiveness of any technique depends on ease of operability and the percentage yield obtained at the end of the production process. Economic feasibility studies and life cycle assessment of biodiesel showed positive outcome indicating that biodiesel production and utilization is viable and sustainable.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128982864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass to Biofuels: A sure Sustainable Energy Strategy in Nigeria","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.09","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of biomass resources as feedstocks for biofuel production is gaining traction globally leading to increasing quantity of biofuel from 187 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2000 to 1.75 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2021. This increase is attributed to high demand, and favourable policy initaited by various government of the world including tax credit and subsidy in the quest to mitigate climate change. Nigeria government in 2007, gazetted the Nigerian Biofuels Policy aimed at promoting the utilization, importation and production of biofues in Nigeria. It encourages investment in biofuels through tax waiver including importation and exportation, waiver on import and customs duties, and insurance. The biomass resources of Nigeria include agricultural and residues, forest products and residues, and municipal solid wastes amounting to over 200 billion kg/yr with energy potential greater than 61 Mtoe. To realize this energy potential, there is a need for the Nigerian government to implement its biofuel policy completely, and to expand the current approved biomass (cassava, sugarcane, palm oil, jatroph, and cellulosic materials) for biofuel production to include the use of lignocellulosic biomass, non-edible oil other jatropha, and algae. The production and utilization of the biofuel will help to increase energy reserve, improve the quality of automotive fossil-based fuels, develop the agricultural sector, mitigate climate change, reduce importation of fuels and create jobs.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123869891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process Simulation of Terephthalic Acid Using Neutral Hydrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle Waste Method","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.10","url":null,"abstract":"To mitigate the environment's unique challenges caused by polyethylene terephthalate [PET] bottle litter and to protect the petroleum feedstock. The chemical recycling technology was used to transform PET into practical items with a sizable and successful industrial application. In order to model the chemical neutral hydrolysis depolymerization process of PET plastic wastes utilizing a continuous stir tank reactor for the synthesis of pure terephthalic acid [TPA] and EG for commercial use, this work used ASPEN PLUS V10. The data for the modeling came from an experimental chemical recycling project employing the neutral hydrolysis process to depolymerize PET bottle trash. PET waste was degraded using excess water [H2 O] and zinc acetate [Zn [Ac]2] as the active catalyst. A mean PET particle size of 127.5 m, 1000 kg/h of PET depolymerized at an H2 O: PET [w/w] ratio of 8:1, 513.15 K temperature, 32.0 bar pressure, and 0.5 h residence time were the reaction's ideal working parameters. Regarding PET, it is a first-order reaction. The reaction yielded 782.72 kg/h of TPA, 292.43 kg/h of EG, and a depolymerization of PET of 90.54%. TPA and EG had selectivity of 0.7280 and 0.2720, respectively. Filtration, distillation, and crystallization techniques were used to separate the mixture of components. The heat from the conveyance, reaction, and separation processes was obtained. This effort increased the yield of TPA, the amount of water removed for reuse, the amount of EG generated, and the amount of processing heat required. The procedures and their operating circumstances can be used to scale up commercial processes in the future.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121089020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renewable diesel Production: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.08","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel is considered an alternative to petroleum diesel as it is more environmentally friendly, cleaner, decreases greenhouse gas emissions, non toxic and biodegradagable. Although, low energy density, relatively high cost of production and poor cold flow are some of its demerits. Some of these problems can be reduced by renewable diesel. The demand for renewable diesel is increasing especially due to its high qualities including cetane, cloud point, oxidative stability, cold flow and can be produced and transported using the existing refinery facilities. The current work discusses the feedstocks used in renewable diesel production, catalysts, methods of production, factors affecting the production, reaction pathway/kinetics of renewable diesel production, and analysis of renewable diesel based on existing literature. The review shows that the production of the renewable is increasing globally due to favourable Government policy, and high demand. The utilization of renewable diesel will help to reduce the greenhouse gases by 50%.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128796022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Biofuel Production Process Using Design of Experiments (Doe)","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on optimizing the process of biofuel production from citrus peel using the Design of Experiments (DOE) technique. This study aims to determine the optimal values for the variables that have a significant impact on the production of biofuel. The variance within and between data groups was determined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. The ANOVA table shows how much of the response variable's variation (biofuel production) can be explained by the independent variables (A, B, C, D, E, AB, AC, AD, AE, and BJ) and how much is caused by random error. The ANOVA table comprises of three primary parts: the F-statistic, the p-value, the df, the mean square (MS), the source of variation, and the sum of squares (SS). The wellspring of variety alludes to the beginning of the information variety, which can be either the lingering or the model. The amount of squares estimates the information's changeability, with the absolute amount of squares addressing the amount of the squared deviations of the genuine qualities from the mean worth. The residual is the sum of the squared deviations from the predicted values of the actual values, while the model's sum of squares is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean of the predicted values. The model has 10 degrees of freedom (the number of independent variables) and the residual has 4 degrees of freedom (the number of observations minus the number of independent variables). These degrees of freedom represent the number of independent pieces of information used to estimate a parameter. The mean square, which indicates the typical amount of variation for each variation source, is calculated by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of freedom. The degree to which the model explains the variation in the data is indicated by the F-statistic, which is the ratio of the model's mean square to the residual's mean square. The probability of obtaining an F-statistic that is as large as the one observed if the null hypothesis is true is represented by the p-value. The independent variables' insignificant impact on biofuel production is the null hypothesis in this instance. The model's p-esteem in this study is under 0.05, demonstrating that the free factors essentially affect biofuel creation and that the model is genuinely huge. In addition, the model is significant because the F-statistic is relatively large in comparison to the F-distribution for the 10 and 4 degrees of freedom, respectively. The estimated coefficients for the linear regression model used to investigate the production of biofuel from citrus peel can be found in the ANOVA coefficients table. The table provides a list of the intercept and independent variables' coefficients, standard errors, t-values, and p-values. When all of the independent variables are zero, the intercept has a coefficient of 0.0672, indicating the estimated value of the response variable. The fact that the intercept does not differ significantly from ","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"01 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131054348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid level Indication and Control System using Arduino","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"Overflow from Liquid tank is a common problem which leads to the wastage of Liquid. Though there are many solutions to it like ball valves which automatically stop the Liquid flow once the tank gets full. So a simple device has been created. This device allow to detect the Liquid level and will raise an alarm upon getting the Liquid tank full or a preset level show the level percentage on LCD, then controlling the process of turn pump on and turn it off operation. Liquid level indicator is a modern way of measuring the liquid level using latest technologies like Arduino as as a programming unit and many different types of sensors like Ultrasonic, LDR,PIR, ……etc. The main aim of the project is to calculate the Liquid level at any instant of time and to turn the pump on when the tank is empty or at specific level and turn it off if the tank is filled completely. As a result of this project the percentage of liquid’s level has shown on a display unit (16*2 Liquid Crystal Display), and the fuel pump has been automatically controlled.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125699891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on the Microstructure Evaluation of Al-Mg (Er5356) Aluminum Alloy for Aircraft Wing Stiffener Fabricated By Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"Wire +Arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a type of additive manufacturing process in which layer upon layer is added to form a closely welded component. In this study, Gas Metal Arc Welding - Pulse (GMAW-P) and Gas Metal Arc Welding - Double Pulse (GMAW-DP) methods were used to manufacture the components with 5356 Aluminum alloy. Microstructures of the GMAW-P and GMAW-DP were observed and compared, the results show that the bead formation, Structure, formability and continuity appeared to be better on the GMAW-DP welding when compared to GMAW-P. The pore formations were found in larger numbers in GMAW-P than GMAW-DP. Due to the presence of a larger number of pores in GMAW-P, it is weaker than GMAW-DP.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130227058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Impact and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pumpkin and Spinach Cultivated Around Non-Mining Axes of Ebonyi State","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/pcii.06.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/pcii.06.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated human health risks associated with the consumption of pumpkin and spinach cultivated around non-mining areas of the Asu River Group. Eighteen samples were collected and analyzed for As, Pb, and Cd, obtaining fifty-four results. The samples were washed with deionized water, air-dried and oven dries at 105°C for 48 hours, and analyzed using Varian (USA) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The concentration of Pb, As, and Cd in the vegetable trend follows; Ebonyi south (ES)<Ebonyi central (EC)<Ebonyi north (EN); EN<ES<EC and ES<EC<EN respectively. The Cd, As, and Pb contents were below WHO/FAO, (2007) and EU, (2006) specific limits. The daily intake of metals (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and targeted health quotient (THQ) were computed. The DIM of Pb, As, and Cd was below their respective oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.004, 0.003, and 0.001mg/kg/day. Pb, As, and Cd HRI values for adults, teenagers, and children are in the following order Adult<Teenagers<Children for all samples across the study area. The Pb abundance follows ES<EN<EC in both pumpkin and spinach, and Cd follows EN<EC<EN and EN<ES<EC for pumpkin and spinach respectively. Arsenic HRI in order of EN<EC<EN and EN< ES<EC for pumpkin and spinach respectively. On average, the HRI of Pb, As, and Cd ranges from 0.00312 to 0.0663, 0.00411 to 0.238, and 0.009 to 0.331 mg/kg/bw/day for the vegetables. The HRI and THQ for adults and teenagers were all <1 for As, and Pb while Cd THQ>1 in pumpkin from ES.","PeriodicalId":355186,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum and Chemical Industry International","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134417628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}