Journal of Dairy Science最新文献

{"title":"Live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) improves growth performance and liver metabolic status of lactating Hu sheep.","authors":"Shendong Zhou, Jie Huang, Hao Zhang, Xiaokun Song, Yijin Jiang, Xu Zhao, Xiangzhen Shen","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25829","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yeast, a natural starter culture, is widely used to improve digestion function in ruminants. However, whether yeast affects the physiological state of the liver in ruminants is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yeast on liver metabolic status and physiological functions of Hu sheep during lactation. A total of 24 lactating Hu sheep were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 sheep in each group: the control group (normal diet) and the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, in which each sheep was fed an additional 0.5 g, 1 g, and 2 g yeast per morning, respectively. Blood, liver, small intestine samples were collected for subsequent analysis, and milk production and BW were recorded during the experimental period. The results showed that dietary yeast supplementation mitigated BW loss, enhanced liver function, and increased milk protein and lactose contents in Hu sheep during lactation. Compared with the normal diet, dietary yeast supplementation reduced the content of lipid droplets in the liver, significantly upregulated the expression of lipid β-oxidation-related enzymes (PPARα and CPT1A), and significantly decreased the expression of lipid synthesis-related enzymes (FASN, PPARγ, DGAT1, and DGAT2) in the liver without affecting the capacity of the small intestine to absorb foodborne lipids. In addition, dietary yeast supplementation significantly decreased blood nonesterified free fatty acid content and increased blood glucose and liver expression of key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis (PCK1α, FBP, and G6PC). These results suggest that dietary yeast supplementation may alleviate weight loss and enhance milk quality in Hu sheep during lactation. Furthermore, it can improve liver metabolic adaptability and protect liver health by regulating lipid metabolism and metabolic glucose homeostasis in the liver. Notably, adding 1 g or 2 g of yeast to the daily diet yields superior effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ensiled alpha-amylase enabled corn grain at two concentrations in the diet on lactation performance, chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen partition of dairy cows.","authors":"Wesley R Silva, Ana Júlia C Silva, Mariane A Tiengo, Rayana B Silva, Renata A N Pereira, Trevor J DeVries, Marcos N Pereira","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This experiment evaluated the effect of α-amylase enabled corn (AAC) on cows fed ensiled mature kernels at 2 concentrations in the diet. Twenty individually housed Holstein cows, arranged in 4 × 4 Latin squares (with 21-d periods), were exposed to each of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of corn concentration (C): High (28.7% starch, 24.6% corn, 2.5% citrus pulp) vs Low (21.5% starch, 14.1% corn, 13.8% citrus pulp) and type (T): AAC (48.8% vitreousness) vs isogenic control (CTL. 51.1% vitreousness). Kernels were ground weekly, hydrated (62.2 ± 1.3% DM on AAC and 63.1 ± 1.4% DM on CTL) and ensiled for 28 ± 3 d. The statistical model had the effects of square, cow(square), period, C, T, and the C × T interaction. No effect of treatment was detected for milk yield (34.1 kg/d) and DMI (22.8 kg/d). High corn reduced the daily yield of fat (1.209 vs 1.297 kg/d) and ECM (33.2 vs 34.4 kg/d) and increased milk protein concentration (3.12 vs 3.09%). When fed with Low, AAC increased ECM/DMI relative to CTL (1.54 vs 1.49). Meal frequency was reduced on High-AAC (9.8 meals/d) relative to Low-AAC (10.3 meals/d). Cows fed High corn had greater proportion of daily intake in the morning (49.9 vs 44.4%) and longer duration of the first daily meal (69.7 vs 62.0 min) than cows fed Low. There was a tendency for AAC to increase the total-tract NDF digestibility (49.9 vs 48.0%), but starch digestibility did not differ (98.4%). Ruminal microbial yield did not differ (335 mmol/d of allantoin in urine). High corn reduced the ruminal acetate to propionate ratio (2.45 vs 2.95) and pH (6.59 vs 6.74) relative to Low corn. Cows fed High-AAC had lower MUN than Low-AAC (17.4 vs 18.8 mg/dL) and plasma urea-N was lower on High-AAC than on High-CTL and Low-AAC (17.2, 19.0, and 18.7 mg/dL, respectively). High starch reduced urine-N excretion (g/d) and partition (% of daily N intake) relative to Low starch and also tended to reduce fecal N excretion and partition. Overall, Low starch increased milk solids yield, N loss in urine and feces, and the ruminal acetate to propionate ratio. Cows fed AAC and Low had the highest feed efficiency and cows fed AAC and High had the lowest proportion of N intake in total excreta.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The food fermentation fungus Aspergillus oryzae is a source of natural antimicrobials against Listeria monocytogenes.","authors":"Zepeng Tu, Dasol Choi, Yuxing Chen, Jae-Hyuk Yu, TuAnh N Huynh","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Listeria monocytogenes is a highly adaptable foodborne pathogen that causes multiple foodborne illness outbreaks annually despite stringent food safety measures. The ubiquitous presence of L. monocytogenes in agricultural production environments provides easy routes of contamination to the human food production chain. The remarkable resilience of L. monocytogenes in harsh food processing and preservation conditions presents further challenges to controlling this pathogen in food and food processing plants. Furthermore, there is an increasing consumer demand for natural antimicrobials in food. Aspergillus oryzae is a food fermentation fungus with a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status and is a workhorse in biotechnology applications. In this study, we examined the antimicrobial activity of Aspergillus oryzae fermentates and extracts toward L. monocytogenes, both in laboratory cultures and contaminated milk. A. oryzae-derived antimicrobials can be obtained in 2 culture conditions, which we term NP1 and NP2. Laboratory cultures of L. monocytogenes were effectively and rapidly killed by both NP1 and NP2 extracts. In contaminated milk, the NP1 extract was bactericidal, whereas the NP2 extract was bacteriostatic. Nevertheless, the NP2 extract was heat stable, retaining antimicrobial activity even after boiling. Profiling L. monocytogenes transcriptional response to a sub-inhibitory level of NP2 fermentate, we observed significant shifts in amino acid metabolism and iron uptake, suggesting that these pathways can be tackled to increase the efficacy of NP2. Taken together, A. oryzae fermentates and extracts are promising candidates for natural antimicrobial treatments in food and food processing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Requirements and Nutritional Metabolic Characteristics of Yak Calves on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.","authors":"Lele An, Yingchao Gu, Yingnan Zhang, Deyu Yang, Shujie Liu, Lu Sun, Jilan Li, Zhanhong Cui","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the nutritional protein requirements of yak calves is the basis of precise feed formulation. Regulating feed protein can reduce environmental impacts, which is particularly crucial for the rearing and management of yak calves. In this study, we used a combination of comparative slaughter, feeding, and digestibility trials to determine the net protein requirements of suckling yak calves. Thirty-five yak male calves with similar weights at 60 d of age were divided into 5 groups: early slaughter (ES), mid-term slaughter (MS), late slaughter (AL), 70% feeding (R70), and 40% feeding (R40). The ES, MS, and AL groups were used for comparative slaughter trials, while the AL, R70, and R40 groups were used for ad libitum feeding experiments. The results indicated that at different feeding levels, low feeding levels were not conducive to calf growth. For yak calves with body weights of approximately 40-90 kg, the nitrogen digestibility ranged from 49.36% to 59.32%, and the nitrogen retention rate ranged from 36.59% to 48.97%. The net protein requirement for yak calf maintenance is 2.90 g/kgW^0.75·d^-1. The equation for the net protein requirement for yak calf growth is NPg(kg) = 0.0543 × EBW^0.0833(kg). Muscle metabolomics results indicated that the protein content in the muscle tissue did not increase with feeding level or body weight. With an increase in the feeding level, the nutritional protein level provided by the diet increases, which regulates changes in steroid hormone biosynthesis, ovarian steroidogenesis, cortisol synthesis and secretion, and carbon metabolism, promoting an increase in hormone-like metabolites in the muscle tissue. These data we obtained provide guidance for the efficient rearing of yak calves and provide basic data for further research on the nutritional requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verification of the Efficacy of the GTLS Antibiotic Cocktail on Frozen Bovine Semen.","authors":"Frank V Pellegrini, Emily A Caflisch, Nicole A Aulik","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial Insemination (AI) is a common method used internationally for breeding cattle but may have the potential to introduce pathogenic bacteria to naïve populations during the process. Certain bacterial pathogens, such as Mycoplasmopsis bovis, have been a priority for disease transmission control and prevention via bovid semen for certain countries. One such method to prevent the transmission of infectious agents during the AI process has been prophylactically adding antimicrobials to both the neat and extended semen to kill or inhibit bacterial growth. A study published in 1988, detailed a method using a combination of Gentamicin, Tylosin, Lincomycin, and Spectinomycin (GTLS) as a means of controlling certain pathogenic bacteria in extended bovine semen. This was widely adopted and is still in use today, with Certified Semen Services (CSS) making it required for their members. Publications since 1988 have provided evidence against the efficacy of the GTLS cocktail, arguing that M. bovis specifically is not being adequately controlled. Along with globally increasing antimicrobial resistance, a verification of the efficacy of the GTLS cocktail was warranted. Here the authors spiked various strains of bacteria into bovine GTLS-extended semen and quantified the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect using bacterial culture. Our results demonstrate that multiple strains of C. fetus subspecies venerealis and H. somni as well as one strain each of Ureaplasma diversum and Leptospira interrogans were effectively killed by the GTLS cocktail. However, the GTLS cocktail had only a bacteriostatic effect on several strains of M. bovis.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations among body condition score, body weight, and serum biochemistry in dairy cows.","authors":"David B Sheedy, Helen M Golder, Sergio C Garcia, Priyanka Reddy, Joanne E Hemsworth, Delphine E Vincent, Simone J Rochfort, Jennie E Pryce, Ian J Lean","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25425","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Body condition score and BW yield insights into body tissue reserves and diet, and serum biochemical measures reflect the metabolic status of cows. Associations between body composition measures and biochemistry are unclear and investigation may reveal important information on the metabolic and physiological status of cattle with varying levels of labile tissue reserves. Cohorts of 739 nonlactating, late-pregnancy, dry cows (26.9 d prepartum, SD = 12.4) and 690 peak-milk cows (58.0 DIM, SD = 14.5) were selected by stratified (parity: 1, 2, 3, &gt;3) random sampling from 30 farms (15 pasture, 15 TMR) in this cross-sectional study. A single serum, BCS (1-5 scale), BW, and milk-production datum was collected per cow, per cohort between November 2022 and July 2023. Eleven analytes were collected, analyzed, and standardized within group (cohort/breed/farm). Mixed linear models for BCS and BW were specified, with the random effect of group. A 6-point, unordered, categorical body-group classification that combined BCS (greater, equal to, or less than group median; as high, median or low BCS) and BW (greater or less than group median; as high or low BW) was analyzed by polytomous logistic regression. Effect sizes are listed for a 1 SD increase in the specified analyte, keeping other covariables at their mean value. Dry BCS was positively associated with albumin (0.075 BCS ± 0.014 SE), urea (0.038 BCS ± 0.014 SE) and glucose (0.052 BCS ± 0.014 SE), and negatively with the interaction between cholesterol and days precalving. Dry BW positively associated with albumin (11.03 kg ± 2.48 SE) and negatively with cholesterol (-8.47 kg ± 2.57 SE). Peak-milk BCS was positively associated with albumin (0.47 BCS ± 0.015 SE), BHB (0.048 BCS ± 0.015 SE) and glucose (0.051 BCS ± 0.015 SE). Peak-milk BW was positively associated with albumin (6.94 kg ± 2.35 SE) and negatively with Ca (-7.02 kg ± 2.33 SE). Increasing BW and decreasing BCS was associated with increasing parity, except in dry second-parity cows that had low BCS. The dry polytomous model associated a 1 SD increase in albumin with a 4.89% ± 1.56 SE decreased risk of being low BCS and low BW and 5.87% ± 1.46 SE increased risk of high BCS and high BW. Risk change associated with 1 SD of glucose was -5.61% ± 1.58 SE for low BCS and high BW and 3.17% ± 1.58 SE for high BCS and high BW. For the peak-milk cohort, change in risk was associated with albumin for low BCS and low BW -3.67% ± 1.56 SE, low BCS and high BW -3.22% ± 1.53 SE. Risk change with 1 SD of BHB was -3.36% ± 1.47 SE for median BCS and low BW, 2.86% ± 1.44 SE for high BCS and low BW, and 2.69% ± 1.37 SE for high BCS and high BW. Risk of low BCS and low BW was greatest in second-parity cows, and high BCS and high BW was greatest in dry cows with greater than third parity and third-parity cows in peak milk. There were no interactions between parity and analytes. Albumin was consistently associated with BCS and BW, potentially reflecting innate diffe","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Spray Drying Parameters for Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum to include them in Ice Cream Formulated with Sweet Whey.","authors":"J F Ceron-Cordoba, L C Muñoz-Domínguez, J U Sepulveda Valencia, D A Restrepo-Molina","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in healthy eating habits has driven demand for functional foods, characterized by their beneficial effects when consumed regularly. Probiotics, typically Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), are among the most used bioactive components in their formulation. However, various conditions can reduce their viability (Log cfu g^-1). Spray drying, a protective method used to address this issue, employs prebiotics such as inulin and maltodextrin as wall materials, due to their selective fermentation by LAB and intestinal microbiota. In ice cream, the inclusion of encapsulated probiotics is recommended due to its compatibility as a dairy-based carrier. Additionally, sweet whey has been proposed as an ingredient in ice cream formulation to mitigate the environmental impact of this byproduct. The primary objective of this study was to determine the Spray-drying parameters for probiotics to incorporate them into ice cream formulated with sweet whey. Spray-drying parameters, including encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, and water activity, were evaluated based on probiotic strains (Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum), inlet temperature (110°C, 120°C, and 130°C), and maltodextrin concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) using a multilevel factorial experimental design. For the ice cream, parameters such as microencapsulated probiotic viability (Log cfu g^-1), pH, acidity, overrun (O%), freezing point (°C), time to the first drip (D min), and melting percentage (M%) were assessed. The optimal encapsulation conditions were achieved with L. plantarum at 130°C and 10% maltodextrin. Finally, the microencapsulated powder was incorporated into ice cream, and the product's viability exceeded the recommended minimum concentration (10 Log cfu g^-1).</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canonical prolactin signaling and global mRNA expression in the skin of Holstein heifers carrying the SLICK1 allele of the prolactin receptor gene.","authors":"Montana D Altman, Alice T Mathews, Maria B Rabaglino, Russell C Hovey, Anna C Denicol","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SLICK1 allele of the prolactin receptor gene (SLICK1) is associated with a short hair coat and thermotolerance in cattle. SLICK1 includes a single base pair deletion that creates a premature stop codon and prevents transcription of 120 amino acids involved in JAK/STAT signaling. It is unknown if SLICK1 modifies JAK/STAT signaling or the transcriptional response to prolactin. To investigate PRLR-associated signaling pathways in heterozygous SLICK1+/- Holsteins (slick), we performed immunohistochemistry on skin explants obtained from slick (n = 5) and non-slick (n = 6) heifers to evaluate phosphorylated (p)STAT1, pSTAT3, and pSTAT5 immunoreactivity (pSTAT1+, pSTAT3+, pSTAT5+) in hair follicles (HF) and sweat glands (SG). In slick skin, more HF lacked pSTAT3 immunoreactivity compared with non-slick skin. No difference was found for the proportion of pSTAT1+ or pSTAT5+ HF, nor the proportion of pSTAT1+ and pSTAT3+ SG between genotypes. Within immunoreactive HF and SG, there were no differences between genotypes in the proportion of pSTAT1+, pSTAT3+, or pSTAT5+ cells in HF, or pSTAT1+ and pSTAT3+ cells in SG. Next, we investigated pSTAT3 immunoreactivity and the transcriptome of slick and non-slick skin explants after exposure to a controlled level of prolactin in vitro. Skin explants from slick (n = 6) and non-slick (n = 6) heifers were cultured for 36 h in the presence of 50 ng/mL recombinant ovine prolactin, bisected, and each half underwent immunohistochemistry for pSTAT3 or RNA sequencing. No difference was found between genotypes in the proportion of pSTAT3+ HF or SG, nor the proportion of pSTAT3+ cells within HF or SG. RNA was poly-A enriched and sequenced using Novaseq6000 (Illumina) and 221,342,181 reads were mapped to the bovine genome (bosTau 9). The DESeq package was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEG) with P < 0.01 and fold-change > 1.5. There were 87 upregulated and 79 downregulated DEG in slick compared with non-slick skin. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified IL-17, leukocyte extravasation, and wound healing as upregulated signaling pathways, as well as activation of TNF, IL-1β, OSM, IFNγ, IL-17α, and IL-1R and inhibition of SHH and BMP4 upstream of the DEG. Analysis of genomic regions within ± 2 kb of all DEG's respective transcription start sites revealed enrichment of 3 binding sites for the OCT1 transcription factor in slick skin. In conclusion, our results suggest differences in local immune regulation, hair growth inhibition, and tissue remodeling in slick skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of glutathione S-transferase mu 2 in mitigating fatty acid-induced hepatic inflammation in dairy cows.","authors":"Jinxia Li, Chenchen Zhao, Dandan Qi, Fanrong Kong, Menglin Liu, Jie Gao, Enzhu Li, Wenwen Gao, Xiliang Du, Yuxiang Song, Guowen Liu, Xinwei Li, Haihua Feng, Lin Lei","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-25740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-25740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fatty liver is a major metabolic disorder in perinatal dairy cows, characterized by elevated plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic inflammation. Glutathione S-transferase mu 2 (GSTM2), a phase II detoxification enzyme, regulates cellular antioxidant and detoxification processes in nonruminants. However, its involvement in NEFA-induced hepatic inflammation in dairy cows with fatty liver remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of GSTM2 in mediating hepatic inflammation caused by elevated NEFA levels in dairy cows with severe fatty liver. An in vivo study was conducted using 10 healthy cows (hepatic triglyceride [TG] content <1%) and 10 cows with severe fatty liver (hepatic TG content >10%), matched for the number of lactations (median = 3, range = 2-4) and DIM (median = 9 d, range = 3-15 d). Liver tissue and blood samples were collected before feeding. Compared with healthy cows, cows with severe fatty liver had higher plasma concentrations of NEFA, BHB, haptoglobin (HP), plasma amyloid A (SAA), and lower plasma concentration of glucose. These cows also showed significantly lower abundance of hepatic GSTM2 and overactivated hepatic inflammatory pathways, as indicated by increased abundance of phosphorylated inhibitor of κB (IκB)α and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), and caspase-1 (CASP1), as well as mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA), IL6, and IL1B. In vitro, hepatocytes isolated from 5 healthy calves (1 d old, fasted female, 30-40 kg of BW) were used to determine the effects of GSTM2 on hepatic inflammation. First, hepatocytes were treated with NEFA (1.2 mM) for varying durations (0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 h). The NEFA treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65, protein abundance of NLRP3, ASC and CASP1, and mRNA levels of TNFA, IL6 and IL1B, peaking at 9 and 12 h. Second, hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mM) for 9 h, which decreased GSTM2 protein and mRNA abundance. Meanwhile, GSTM2 was silenced using small interfering RNA or overexpressed using adenovirus for 48 h in hepatocytes, followed by NEFA treatment. Silencing GSTM2 augmented the NEFA-induced increase in phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65, as well as protein abundance of NLRP3, ASC and CASP1, and mRNA levels of TNFA, IL6 and IL1B. Conversely, overexpression of GSTM2 mitigated these inflammatory signals upon NEFA treatment. In summary, these findings indicate that GSTM2 plays a crucial role in modulating NEFA-induced hepatic inflammation. Targeting GSTM2 may offer new strategies to treat or prevent fatty liver disease in dairy cows.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining High Pressure Processing and Low Storage Temperature to Extend the Functionality Shelf Life of Low-Moisture Part-Skim Mozzarella Cheese.","authors":"L A Jiménez-Maroto, S Govindasamy-Lucey, J J Jaeggi, M E Johnson, J A Lucey","doi":"10.3168/jds.2024-26112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-26112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High pressure processing (HPP) and low temperature storage (0°C) were explored as alternatives to freezing for extending the performance shelf life of low-moisture part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella intended for export. Batches (n = 5) of reduced Na LMPS Mozzarella were manufactured using camel chymosin as a lower proteolytic type of rennet. Cheeses were stored for 2 wk at 4°C, divided into control (non-HPP) and HPP (600 MPa for 3 min) groups, and stored at 3 different temperatures (4, 0, and -18°C) for 365 d. Analyses were performed at 0, 90, 150, 210, 270, and 365 d of storage. Frozen and 0°C samples (∼2.3 kg) were thawed/tempered at 4°C for 1 wk before analysis. Urea-PAGE and quantification of the pH 4.6 soluble N over time were used to monitor primary proteolysis. Body and rheological properties were monitored using texture profile analysis (TPA) and dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology. Changes in flavor, body, shred properties, and pizza performance were evaluated using quantitative descriptive analysis with 12 trained panelists using a 15-point scale. HPP treatment caused ∼5 log cfu/ml reduction in starter counts, partial solubilization of the insoluble Ca, and a small pH increase (from ∼5.2 to 5.3). The rate of primary proteolysis was reduced by HPP and low temperature storage. HPP treatment reduced initial cheese hardness, but no further significant decrease was observed over storage time, while the hardness of non-HPP samples decreased over the 365 d of storage, apart from the frozen samples. In pizza applications, blister quantity development and loss of strand thickness were limited by storage at -18°C. Freezing LMPS Mozzarella to -18°C gave the least changes in proteolysis and pizza performance over the 365 d of study, storage of cheese at 0°C slowed the loss of hardness and the deterioration of pizza performance attributes. The combination of HPP and 0°C storage of cheese resulted in little change in blistering quantity of pizza during the 365 d of study, whereas cheese stored at 0°C had blisters covering much of the pizza after this extended storage time. Combining HPP with low temperature storage is a promising alternative approach to freezing for the extension of the functionality shelf life of LMPS Mozzarella.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}