Journal of Dairy Science最新文献

{"title":"β-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils through a degranulation-macrophage-1 antigen axis in cows with subclinical ketosis.","authors":"Kexin Wang, Guowen Liu, Ke Zhang, Zhiyong Li, Yan Ren, Shang Jiang, Xiliang Du, Lin Lei, Wenwen Gao, Zhe Wang, Xinwei Li, Yuxiang Song","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26516","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-26516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subclinical ketosis (SCK), a common metabolic disorder in dairy cows during the peripartum period, is accompanied by systemic inflammation and elevated circulating BHB. β-Hydroxybutyrate contributes to the development of systemic inflammation by inhibiting the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils in SCK cows. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. This study investigated the role of the degranulation-macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) axis in this process. The results demonstrated that BHB promoted the degranulation process and activated membrane Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) on neutrophils both ex vivo and in vitro. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy cows and treated with 2 mM BHB, a specific degranulation inhibitor, or a Mac-1 blocking antibody in vitro. We found that the released granule contents during degranulation activated the intracellular Mac-1 signaling pathway, which was involved in BHB-mediated inhibition of bovine neutrophil apoptosis. Overall, our findings reveal that the degranulation-Mac-1 axis plays a critical role in regulating BHB-induced inhibition of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis in dairy cows with SCK.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":"11403-11417"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of methane inhibitors on ruminal fermentation and microbial composition in vitro using inoculum from phenotypically high- and low-enteric-methane-emitting cows","authors":"N. Stepanchenko ,&nbsp;D.E. Wasson ,&nbsp;N. Indugu ,&nbsp;S.F. Cueva ,&nbsp;L. Martins ,&nbsp;K. Narayan ,&nbsp;D.W. Pitta ,&nbsp;A.N. Hristov","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26408","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-26408","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of ruminal inoculum type (obtained from high- or low-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-emitting-phenotype cows) and potent antimethanogenic compounds (AMC), including bromoform (CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), 3-nitropropionic acid (3NPA), chloroform, and &lt;em&gt;Rhodophyta macroalga&lt;/em&gt; (RM) on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, and microbial composition parameters. Sixty-eight mid-lactation Holstein cows were initially screened for their enteric CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. Out of these 68 cows, 2 were designated as high- (HM, 24.8 ± 0.05 g CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/kg of DMI&lt;strong&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt; and 2 as low- (LM, 14.8 ± 0.45 g CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/kg of DMI) CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emitters. These cows were used as inoculum donors for the in vitro experiment. In vitro batch-culture incubations were carried out for 24 h. The experiment was a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement design with inoculum and inhibitor treatments as independent variables and their interaction included in the model. For gas production parameters, the AMC × inoculum type (INOC) interactions were significant for total gas production, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yield (g/mg of TMR), and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentration in total gas. The low-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; inoculum (LMI) resulted in similar CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentration in total gas as the high-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; inoculum (HMI) for the negative control treatment (TMR + LMI or HMI inoculum with no AMC added). Total gas production was 21% lower for HMI when compared with LMI, regardless of the treatment. Acetate and propionate molar proportions and their ratio also had a significant AMC × INOC interaction in the current study. The inclusion of all AMC resulted in a decrease in acetate and an increase in propionate and butyrate molar proportions. Of the studied inhibitors, 3NPA tended to result in a greater CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; reduction, reduced acetate, and increased propionate concentrations when combined with LMI, rather than with HMI. A macroalgae inhibitor in combination with HMI, but not LMI, resulted in lower CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and higher propionate concentration. Both LMI inoculum and inclusion of each AMC resulted in increased butyrate molar proportions. There was no significant INOC × AMC interaction for estimates of methanogenic activity of methanogenic archaea. Inoculum from low-CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-phenotype cows resulted in higher gene copy number of &lt;em&gt;Methanobrevibacter ruminantium&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Methanosphaera stadtmanae.&lt;/em&gt; In the bacterial community, 22 taxa had a significant interaction with INOC. Each AMC differentially affected methanogens and individual bacteria, altering H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes. Regardless of the inoculum, CHBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and 3NPA altered both methanogenic and bacterial communities to a greater extent than the rest of the AMC. The combination of LMI with 3NPA and HMI with RM resulted in a greater CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; reduction than HMI with 3NPA and LMI with RM, indicating that a different AMC may be more effective in ","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Pages 10746-10765"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Lactational performance of dairy cows fed diets based on corn silages varying in ruminal degradability of starch and fiber” (J. Dairy Sci. 108:5765–5785)","authors":"S.F. Cueva ,&nbsp;L.F. Martins ,&nbsp;N. Stepanchenko ,&nbsp;D.E. Wasson ,&nbsp;Greg W. Roth ,&nbsp;A.N. Hristov","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11707","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11707","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Pages 11707-11708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretive Summaries, October 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0302(25)00775-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0022-0302(25)00775-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Pages ix-xix"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Incidence and timing of pregnancy loss following timed artificial insemination or timed embryo transfer with a fresh or frozen in vitro-produced embryo” (J. Dairy Sci. 108:1022–1038)","authors":"A.D. Crowe ,&nbsp;J.M. Sánchez ,&nbsp;S.G. Moore ,&nbsp;M. McDonald ,&nbsp;M.S. McCabe ,&nbsp;F. Randi ,&nbsp;P. Lonergan ,&nbsp;S.T. Butler","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11709","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Pages 11709-11711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of ruminal outflow of protein and nitrogen fractions, and total and individual essential amino acid predictions, by nutritional models in dairy cattle","authors":"L.F. Martins ,&nbsp;C.V. Almeida ,&nbsp;Y. Kim ,&nbsp;R.A. Patton ,&nbsp;A.N. Hristov","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26375","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-26375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective was to evaluate the fit statistics for the predictions of ruminal outflow of protein fractions and EAA by the NRC, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), and NittanyCow (NC) models in lactating dairy cows. Sixty-seven studies published in English between 1984 and 2020 with 251 treatment means were used for analysis. Lactational performance (DMI, DIM, milk yield, milk fat and true protein, and BW data), dietary nutrient composition (CP, NDF, ether extract, and ash), and ruminal outflow of total AA, microbial N, nonammonia nonmicrobial N, and individual EAA determined by omasal or duodenal digesta-sampling techniques were extracted from publications and used in the analysis when available. Production and dietary nutrient composition data reported in the studies were used as inputs to predict ruminal outflows of those same variables using NRC, NASEM, CNCPS, and NC models. For all nutritional models, dietary concentration (% DM) of CP was identical or allowed to vary by 0.5 percentage units maximum to that reported in the studies. Fit statistics and performances of nutritional models were assessed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), root mean squared error (RMSE, g/d and % of observed), as well as mean and linear biases. Models performed similarly when predicting ruminal total AA outflow, with CCC ranging from 49% to 57% and RMSE ranging from 19% to 30% of observed. Predictions of ruminal microbial CP (MicP) and nonammonia nonmicrobial CP (NANMCP) outflows had CCC ranging from 43% to 60% and RMSE ranging from 24% to 34% of observed. Predictions of Lys, Met, and His had CCC ranging from 38% to 62% and RMSE ranging from 23% to 40% observed. Overall, model-fit statistics indicated superior performance of NRC, NASEM, and NC in predicting all individual EAA outflows compared with CNCPS (except for Leu in NC). NittanyCow and NASEM, respectively, demonstrated superior performance in predicting total AA compared with NCR and CNCPS. Additionally, NC was superior to NRC and NASEM, which in turn were superior to CNCPS, in predicting ruminal MicP outflow. Both NRC and NC were superior to NASEM and CNCPS in predicting ruminal NANMCP outflow. The NASEM model was outperformed by NRC, CNCPS, and NC in predicting ruminal nonammonia N outflow. Mean and observed biases of concern (i.e., &gt;5.0% of observed) were identified across all models, and these biases should be considered by nutritionists when balancing and evaluating rations targeting individual EAA in high-producing dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Pages 10900-10920"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Invited review: A review of some commonly used meta-analysis methods in dairy science research” (J. Dairy Sci. 108:2115–2132)","authors":"R.J. Tempelman","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11712","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jds.2025-108-10-11712","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":"108 10","pages":"Page 11712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of propionic acid inclusion and ensiling time on in situ ruminal starch degradability of high-moisture flint corn grain silage.","authors":"Bernardo M Martins, Ricardo A M Vieira, Carina S Bittencourt, João V C Rodrigues, Poliana T R Salgado, Luciano S Santos, Luiz F Ferraretto, Edenio Detmann, Alex L Silva, Polyana P Rotta","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the effects of propionic acid inclusion (PAI; 0, 0.25, and 0.50% of fresh matter) and ensiling time (ENT; 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 d) on the chemical composition, fermentation profile, DM losses, and in situ ruminal starch degradability of high-moisture flint corn grain silage (HMC). Rolled corn grain with 45% moisture and 80% vitreousness was ensiled in 10-L mini silos at a packing density of 1,300 kg/m³. The experimental design followed a 3 × 6 factorial arrangement with 3 replicates per treatment, totaling 54 silos. Samples were analyzed for chemical composition, ammonia-N, pH, organic acids, and ruminal starch degradability. Ruminal degradability was assessed using a nylon bag technique incubated in 3 rumen-cannulated Holstein cows, and a nonlinear modeling approach was applied to estimate starch degradation kinetics. For mycotoxin analysis and ruminal starch degradability, the 0-d (non-ensiled) sample was also included. Data analysis employed the NLMIXED procedure of SAS, with the Newton-Raphson optimization algorithm and adaptive Gaussian quadrature for likelihood integration. Contrasts were conducted to compare PAI versus control treatment (0% PAI) and between the PAI levels. An interaction between PAI and ENT was observed for DM losses, with the greatest losses (>6%) occurring in silages treated with 0.50% PAI at 60 d ENT. Silages treated with PAI had lower final pH values than the control, although PAI did not improve fermentation profile. Crude protein decreased, and ammonia-N increased with longer ENT. Ruminal starch degradability improved with ENT, but PAI reduced both the degradation rate and the maximum extent of starch degradation. At 180 d, estimated degradation rates were 100%/h for the control treatment, 80%/h for 0.25% PAI, and 70%/h for 0.50% PAI. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, PAI did not improve silage fermentation profile and negatively affected starch degradability in the rumen. Conversely, prolonged ENT improved starch availability. Therefore, long-term ENT (180 d) is recommended to optimize the nutritional value of HMC, particularly in flint-type corn grain.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of reducing starter feed crude protein content with different milk allowances on the performance and nitrogen balance in dairy calves.","authors":"Ana Caroline R T Silva, Anna L L Sguizzato, Mariana M Campos, Polyana P Rotta, Marcos I Marcondes, João R R Dorea, Guilherme L Menezes, Jaimison V F Vieira, Alex L Silva","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26714","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Associate milk allowance and starter feed for dairy calves to achieve high performance and adequate nitrogen (N) balance can be challenging. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of reducing the CP content of the starter feed on the performance, mammary gland development, and N balance of dairy calves in the preweaning, weaning, and postweaning phases. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, using 3 milk volumes (4, 6, or 8 L/d) and 2 strategies for starter feed supply (fixed or decreasing CP content). The first strategy consisted of feeding the animals a fixed starter feed with 18% CP (DM basis) throughout the preweaning phase (from 4 to 73 d), and in the second strategy, the animals were fed a starter feed with 24% CP (DM basis) from 4 to 24 d of age, 18% CP (DM basis) from 25 to 45 d of age, and 14% CP (DM basis) from 46 to 73 d of age. Therefore, 60 female crossbred calves were distributed through the 6 treatments formed: 4 L/d of milk and starter feed with fixed CP (FCP) content; 6 L/d of whole milk + FCP; 8 L/d of whole milk + FCP; 4 L/d whole milk and starter feed with decreasing CP (DCP) content; 6 L/d whole milk + DCP; 8 L/d milk + DCP. Calves receiving DCP had lower intake and fecal excretion on d 66. Moreover, younger calves (24 d old) had higher N utilization efficiency than calves at 45 and 66 d old, but when fed 8 L/d of milk, all calves had the similar N-use efficiency regardless of age. Additionally, calves receiving 8 L/d of milk had higher N intake and retention and lower N excretion. In the preweaning phase, animals fed FCP showed higher performance. In the weaning phase, higher ADG and feed efficiency were observed in animals fed 4 L/d whole milk compared with 8 L/d whole milk, and calves fed FCP had a higher BW. In the postweaning period, calves in the DCP group showed better feed efficiency, but animals fed FCP had higher ruminal ammonia-N and propionate concentrations. Moreover, calves on 4 and 6 L/d and FCP had higher blood urea N levels. Finally, for the mammary gland, age affected area, perimeter, circularity, and eccentricity, which increased in size during the 80 d of the trial. Female calves receiving 4 L/d of whole milk had a smaller area than the ones with 6 L/d, and, for perimeter, 4 L/d treatment promoted reduced parenchyma growth compared with 6 and 8 L/d treatment. To conclude, animals receiving 6 L/d of whole milk showed good performance, mammary parenchyma growth, greater N efficiency, and reduced N excretion. The FCP strategy improved performance, whereas the DCP strategy increased feed efficiency postweaning and tended to reduce fecal N excretion. However, it should be noted that this reduction was modest at the individual level, and the use of multiple starters on the farm should be carefully evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactational performance and enteric methane emissions in dairy cows fed high-oil oats, cold-pressed rapeseed cake, and 3-nitrooxypropanol in a grass silage-based diet.","authors":"P Fant, G Mantovani, M Vadroňová, M C Sabetti, S J Krizsan, M Ramin","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-27007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-27007","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-oil oats and cold-pressed rapeseed cake (RSC) as dietary ingredients, along with supplementation of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), on apparent total-tract digestibility, milk production, and enteric CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet. Twenty-four lactating Nordic Red cows were grouped into 3 blocks. The experiment was conducted as a cyclic change-over where each treatment had 3 observations per period. The experiment consisted of 4 periods of 28 d each, including 18 d of diet adaptation and 10 d of data and sample collection. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design included 2 energy sources (barley or high-oil oats), 2 protein supplements (rapeseed meal [RSM] or RSC), and 3-NOP supplementation at 2 levels (0 or 68 mg/kg of DM), resulting in 8 dietary treatments. The basal diet consisted of 60% grass silage (on a DM basis). Inclusion rates of the experimental concentrates were 27% to 29% and 29% to 31% for barley and high-oil oats, respectively, and 8% to 10% and 10% to 12% for RSM and RSC, respectively. Diets were offered ad libitum as a TMR. Daily DMI, milk yield, BW, and gas emissions were recorded throughout the experiment. Gas emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system. Ether extract (EE) content across experimental diets ranged from 2.9% to 6.1% of DM. Total DMI tended to increase with high-oil oats compared with barley, but decreased with RSC compared with RSM. Digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and EE decreased with high-oil oats versus barley, and EE digestibility increased with RSC versus RSM. Despite lower nutrient digestibility, milk and ECM yield increased by 2.4 kg/d with high-oil oats compared with barley. Milk yield decreased by 1.1 kg/d and ECM yield tended to decrease by 1.0 kg/d with 3-NOP supplementation. Milk protein concentration decreased with high-oil oats versus barley and with RSC versus RSM. Feed efficiency increased with high-oil oats compared with barley. Daily CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions (g/d), CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yield (g/kg of DMI), and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; intensity (g/kg of ECM) decreased by 11.2%, 14.2%, and 15.3%, respectively, when barley was replaced with high-oil oats in combination with RSM but were not affected in combination with RSC. Daily CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yield, and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; intensity decreased by 12.5%, 10.6%, and 12.7%, respectively, when RSM was replaced with RSC in combination with barley but not in combination with high-oil oats. Daily CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; yield, and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; intensity decreased by 33.5%, 30.9%, and 31.2%, respectively, with 3-NOP supplementation, with slightly greater efficacy on CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; intensity when barley was used as the energy source. Urinary urea concentration was greater with high-oil oats than with barley, and lower with RSC than with RSM, but only in combination with high-oil oats. In conclusion, both high-oil oats and RSC are prac","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}