Journal of perioperative practice最新文献

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Clinical implementation of the Validated Intraoperative Bleeding Scale: Perioperative patient management and effective team communication from the nurses' perspective. 经验证的术中出血量表的临床实施:从护士角度看围手术期患者管理和有效的团队沟通。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241287744
Clare Sewell, Becky L Whiteman, Flavia C Morone Pinto, Steve Leung
{"title":"Clinical implementation of the Validated Intraoperative Bleeding Scale: Perioperative patient management and effective team communication from the nurses' perspective.","authors":"Clare Sewell, Becky L Whiteman, Flavia C Morone Pinto, Steve Leung","doi":"10.1177/17504589241287744","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17504589241287744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major bleeding represents a critical scenario that can quickly evolve into life threatening, thereby compromising patient safety. A Validated Intraoperative Bleeding Scale called VIBe Scale was introduced and studied as part of a quality improvement initiative. This study evaluated the clinical implementation of the VIBe Scale in perioperative patient management and team communication from the nurses' perspectives. A descriptive study was undertaken, incorporating introductory lecture, simulation of major bleeding event and post-lecture questionnaire with 33 operating room nurses. Despite many participants not previously having experience of the VIBe Scale in practice, over two-thirds reported the scale could improve situational awareness. Furthermore, nearly two-thirds reported they could see the utility of the VIBe Scale as a tool to improve communication. Our study shows that the VIBe Scale is an easily understood concept, has the potential to increase situational awareness and can support team communication around intraoperative bleeding events.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The effects of anaesthesia on the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems during inhalational anaesthesia: A case report. 吸入麻醉对心血管、呼吸和神经系统的影响:病例报告。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241276652
Bevan Michael Scott
{"title":"The effects of anaesthesia on the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems during inhalational anaesthesia: A case report.","authors":"Bevan Michael Scott","doi":"10.1177/17504589241276652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504589241276652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our understanding of the effects of anaesthesia is incomplete. Anaesthesia works primarily by causing widespread depression of the central nervous system. This article will consider the anaesthesia provided for a patient undergoing a hysteroscopy, endometrial ablation and biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding. The relationship between physiology and the effects of anaesthesia is discussed. Several effects of anaesthesia are observed during the case. Relating to the respiratory system, preoxygenation increased end tidal oxygen by 39%, delaying desaturation during apnoea. Propofol had a profound effect on the patient's respiratory rate by inhibiting the ventilatory drive, resulting in apnoea. The cardiovascular system was affected by tracheal intubation. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system caused a 96% increase in heart rate. Induction of anaesthesia resulted in hypotension, treated with the administration of ephedrine, causing vasoconstriction. Modified rapid sequence induction required an increased dose of rocuronium, resulting in an increased duration of action at the neuromuscular junction. The prolonging muscle paralysis required sugammadex as a reversal agent. This case demonstrated the effects of anaesthesia on the respiratory, cardiovascular and nervous systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Implementation of research, education and leadership placements into Operating Department Practitioner training: A 4-pillar practice-based learning approach. 在手术部从业人员培训中实施研究、教育和领导力实习:基于实践的四支柱学习方法。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241276743
Victoria Cadman, Helen Batty, Jennifer Law
{"title":"Implementation of research, education and leadership placements into Operating Department Practitioner training: A 4-pillar practice-based learning approach.","authors":"Victoria Cadman, Helen Batty, Jennifer Law","doi":"10.1177/17504589241276743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504589241276743","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Practice-based learning has traditionally focused on clinical practice in pre-registration courses. However, recent national strategies emphasise the importance of incorporation of all four pillars, clinical, education, leadership and research, into practice-based learning (placements). This article details the introduction of practice-based learning in research, education and leadership alongside clinical placements for BSc Operating Department Practice students at Sheffield Hallam University. It provides insights into the benefits of this approach, outlines the components of each placement with examples of completed projects, shares feedback from students and practice partners and addresses challenges. The authors advocate for adoption of this approach across all pre-registration Operating Department Practice courses, to ensure a workforce capable of meeting evolving health care needs and driving the Operating Department Practice profession forwards.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adapting general anaesthesia for a patient with class III obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea undergoing day case laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A case report. 为一名接受日间腹腔镜胆囊切除术的 III 级肥胖和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者调整全身麻醉:病例报告。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241270221
Bevan Michael Scott
{"title":"Adapting general anaesthesia for a patient with class III obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea undergoing day case laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A case report.","authors":"Bevan Michael Scott","doi":"10.1177/17504589241270221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504589241270221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report describes the anaesthesia provided for a class III obese patient with obstructive sleep apnoea, undergoing an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Several adaptations were required to provide safe anaesthesia. A McGrath video laryngoscopy was utilised for intubation. The patient was positioned in the ramped position, thereby increasing time to desaturation on induction of anaesthesia. Pressure controlled ventilation - volume guaranteed mode was selected for ventilation to provide consistent tidal volumes. An increased level of positive end-expiratory pressure was utilised to minimise atelectasis. Drug doses were carefully considered and calculated with the aid of The Society for Obesity and Bariatric Anaesthesia dose calculator. The airway management adaptations provided an unobstructed view for intubation. Peak airway pressures during surgery remained within safe limits and no atelectasis was evident postoperatively. Pain was kept under control and desaturation was avoided during postanaesthetic care. The patient was discharged home later that evening.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparison of the effect of different doses of phenylephrine infusion on the prevention of hypotension in the elderly under spinal anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery. 比较不同剂量的苯肾上腺素输注对预防骨科手术脊髓麻醉中老年人低血压的效果。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241274470
Mitra Golmohammadi, Shahryar Sane, Wesam R Kadhum, Ahmed Hjazi, Mohammed N Fenjan, Farnaz Mahmoudifar, Behzad Kazemi Haki, Mehri Soodagar Eskandarabadi, Somayeh Ghavipanjeh Rezaiy
{"title":"Comparison of the effect of different doses of phenylephrine infusion on the prevention of hypotension in the elderly under spinal anaesthesia in orthopaedic surgery.","authors":"Mitra Golmohammadi, Shahryar Sane, Wesam R Kadhum, Ahmed Hjazi, Mohammed N Fenjan, Farnaz Mahmoudifar, Behzad Kazemi Haki, Mehri Soodagar Eskandarabadi, Somayeh Ghavipanjeh Rezaiy","doi":"10.1177/17504589241274470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504589241274470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the vasopressor drug categories and doses that can be used for elderly patients following hypotension are few, the present trial aimed to compare the effect of different doses of phenylephrine infusion on the prevention of hypotension in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic lower extremities surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomised, double-blind prospective clinical trial was conducted by including 60 elderly patients older than 60 years and classified as American Society of Anesthesiology class I and II who were candidates for femur fracture fixation surgery. White and black cards randomly allocated patients to: group A (25µg/kg/h phenylephrine) or group B (35µg/kg/h phenylephrine).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the T<sub>3</sub>-T<sub>7</sub> time points, group A's systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher than in group B's (p < 0.05). However, after 27 minutes (T<sub>0</sub>-T<sub>7</sub>) of phenylephrine infusion, statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding blood pressure (T<sub>8</sub>-T<sub>end</sub>). The frequency of bradycardia and reactive hypertension in group B were significantly higher than in group A (p = 0.02) and (p = 0.03), respectively. There was no significant difference between the bleeding loss, blood transfusion and crystalloid volume in both groups (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our trial illustrated that high-dose phenylephrine infusion could not assure haemodynamic stability and may cause some side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring operating room staff engagement in the planning and design of the built environment in Australia: Development of a constructivist grounded theory. 探索澳大利亚手术室工作人员参与建筑环境规划和设计的情况:建构主义基础理论的发展。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241280437
Kasey Ann Irwin, Frank Donnelly, Janet Kelly
{"title":"Exploring operating room staff engagement in the planning and design of the built environment in Australia: Development of a constructivist grounded theory.","authors":"Kasey Ann Irwin, Frank Donnelly, Janet Kelly","doi":"10.1177/17504589241280437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504589241280437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to explore Australian health professionals' perceptions and experiences regarding built environment planning for operating rooms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted semi-structured interviews and a focus group using exploratory qualitative methods, involving 16 participants: anaesthetists, surgeons, nurses, theatre technicians and designers of operating rooms.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Four core concerns of participants were analysed: Engagement, Respect & Collaboration; Foreseeing & Responding to Safety Concerns; Enhancing Design Planning to Minimise Internal & External Consequences; and Ambiguous Application of Standards in Operating Room Design Planning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Health professionals highlighted safety impacts related to patients and staff due to the built environment and emphasised the need for improved engagement, respect and collaboration in design processes. Consideration needs to be given to the lived experiences of health professionals in design planning to address safety concerns effectively. Hierarchies and cultural factors were identified as barriers to inclusive design processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142393901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multimodal postoperative analgesia with transdermal buprenorphine is a safe option in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. 经皮丁丙诺啡多模式术后镇痛是关节镜下肩袖修复术的安全选择。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1177/17504589231185052
David Muñoz, Sergio Orozco, Santiago Jaramillo, Ana Milena Herrera Torres
{"title":"Multimodal postoperative analgesia with transdermal buprenorphine is a safe option in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.","authors":"David Muñoz, Sergio Orozco, Santiago Jaramillo, Ana Milena Herrera Torres","doi":"10.1177/17504589231185052","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17504589231185052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs are associated with moderate-to-severe pain. Opioids are not the first line for postsurgical pain control due to their potential misuse and side effects. Transdermal buprenorphine represents an alternative for multimodal postoperative pain control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-centre, prospective longitudinal exploratory study of patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs managed with multimodal analgesia with transdermal buprenorphine. Patients were followed-up by telephone at eight time points, assessing pain levels, rescue analgesics requirement and side effects.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Twenty-five patients with an average age of 63.4 ± 8.2 were included. Fourteen patients were ⩾65 years. Pain levels were similar among age groups at all time points, with no pain or mild pain (visual analogue scale 1-4) in most patients. The most frequent side effects were dizziness and somnolence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Transdermal buprenorphine provided a sustained analgesic effect after an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair during the acute postsurgical period. It showed a similar safety profile among younger and older patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10113776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conventional anatomical landmark versus preprocedural ultrasound for thoracic epidural analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 胸腔硬膜外镇痛的传统解剖标志与术前超声:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/17504589231181974
Mahfouz Sharapi, Amany Mahfouz, Kerollos Philip, Ammar Mektebi, Khaled Albakri
{"title":"Conventional anatomical landmark versus preprocedural ultrasound for thoracic epidural analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mahfouz Sharapi, Amany Mahfouz, Kerollos Philip, Ammar Mektebi, Khaled Albakri","doi":"10.1177/17504589231181974","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17504589231181974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thoracic epidural analgesia is the gold standard for major thoracic and abdominal surgeries.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Ultrasound-guided and landmark-based thoracic epidural insertion are compared in this systematic review.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomised controlled trials were sought in six databases for a systematic review and meta-analysis. With a 95% confidence interval, a fixed-effects model calculated risk ratio or mean difference. Cochrane risk of bias assessed bias. Four randomised controlled trials were examined.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Preprocedural ultrasound increased thoracic epidural placement first-puncture success rate (risk ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (1.05 to 1.56), p value = 0.02) and decreased the need for two or more skin punctures (mean difference = -2.41, 95% confidence interval (-3.34 to -1.47), p value = 0.00001). The ultrasound group reduced needle redirections (risk ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (0.38 to 0.94), p value = 0.02). The epidural block success rate was equal in both groups (risk ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (0.96 to 1.07), p value = 0.6).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thoracic epidural insertion is improved by ultrasound but not the success rate. Quality research with larger samples is needed to emphasise these conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10572631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A bite of death: Anaesthetic challenges in frostbite. 死亡之咬冻伤的麻醉挑战
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1177/17504589241268657
Himanti Bansal, Anjishnujit Bandyopadhyay, Chhavi Sawhney
{"title":"A bite of death: Anaesthetic challenges in frostbite.","authors":"Himanti Bansal, Anjishnujit Bandyopadhyay, Chhavi Sawhney","doi":"10.1177/17504589241268657","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17504589241268657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Frostbite is defined as tissue damage that is sustained as a result of prolonged exposures to less than 0°C resulting in ice crystallisation, microvascular occlusion and subsequently thrombosis.</p><p><strong>Case: </strong>A 33-year-old mountaineer with cold burn over 20% of the total body surface area with eschar formation, acute renal failure, upper limb venous thrombosis and bilateral pleural effusion. We hereby report a successful anaesthetic management of this patient undergoing debridement and escharotomy for frostbite injuries and review its perioperative concerns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Frostbite injuries pose a challenge to the anaesthetic team due to the multi-systemic nature of its involvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine on postoperative opioid usage in kidney transplant recipients. 术中脂质体布比卡因对肾移植受者术后使用阿片类药物的影响。
IF 1.2
Journal of perioperative practice Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-26 DOI: 10.1177/17504589231183532
Michael Ball, Heidi Escobar, Amelia Woods
{"title":"Effects of intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine on postoperative opioid usage in kidney transplant recipients.","authors":"Michael Ball, Heidi Escobar, Amelia Woods","doi":"10.1177/17504589231183532","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17504589231183532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study retrospectively evaluated the use of intraoperative locally infiltrated peri-incisional liposomal bupivacaine in kidney transplant recipients with the primary outcome of oral morphine equivalent reduction during the transplant admission. Secondary outcomes included pain scores, time to first bowel movement and length of stay. Postoperative morphine equivalents were significantly lower in the liposomal bupivacaine group <24 hours (50% reduction, p < 0.05) and 24-48 hours (56.5% reduction, p < 0.05). When accounting for analgesic medication choices, liposomal bupivacaine did not result in a significant reduction in opioid use within 48 hours postoperatively with the exception of a 51% (p = 0.02) median reduction in fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia morphine equivalents <24 hours postoperatively. Morphine equivalence reductions >48 hours, differences in pain scores, time to first bowel movement or length of stay did not reach significance. Intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine reduced kidney transplant recipient's postoperative opioid requirements, but this benefit did not reliably extend past 24 hours postoperatively.</p>","PeriodicalId":35481,"journal":{"name":"Journal of perioperative practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10076876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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