ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Difficulties and Challenges in Lao PDR","authors":"Soukvina Philavanh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2842492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2842492","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Government of Lao PDR has implemented several mechanisms to promote both small- and medium-sized private sector enterprises since the private sector has emerged as a significant force in the economic development. In addition, the government has carried out a number of development projects involving several sectors such as credit and income generation, health care, education and infrastructure development, in order to increase the benefits of market reforms for domestic investors.Recently, the SMEs sector contributes significantly to economic activity in Lao PDR and accounts for substantial employment and business locally. According to latest available data from the 2013 Economic census, there are 178,557 enterprises of which 158,915 (89.9%) are small and medium-sized enterprises employing less than 10-99 workers. Moreover, it found that most enterprises are located in the urban areas at 65.9% and 34.1% in the rural areas in which had shown that most enterprises are doing businesses in the big cities that related to trade, merchandising, wholesaling, retailing, car and motorcycle repairing covered at 62.8%, industrial processing at 12.5% and services at 11.7%. However, most production of goods and services is for domestic consumption at 94.4%.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121682377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encouragement of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria","authors":"V. Terziev, N. Bencheva, M. Tepavicharova, E. Arabska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157542","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the benefits of support to social enterprises and the advantages of social economy and makes analyses of the policies and strategies encouraging development of social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria. The priorities are examined in the context of social enterprises impact on combating poverty and social exclusion, incl. youth employment, equal access to participation in the economy of the population in small towns / rural areas, social innovation and integration of minorities. Available instruments of encouraging social enterprises in Bulgaria are considered in accordance to the European and national policies and funding programmes and measures. Conclusions and recommendations are provided on the national legislation development and the implementation of the National concept of social economy stressing on the creation of favorable legal and financial environment for development of social enterprises.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123153399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Capital and Family Control","authors":"M. Amore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2852143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2852143","url":null,"abstract":"I empirically investigate the effect of social capital on family control in a comprehensive data set from Italy. Exploiting historically-driven variations in social capital provided by the experience of self-government during the Middle Ages, I find that when social capital is weak, family control and management of companies are more prevalent. These results provide novel evidence on the pervasive influence of culture on organizational structures.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126641815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Capital Structure of Multinationals in Brazil after the Issuance of the Brazilian Thin Capitalization Rules: A Difference-in-Differences Approach","authors":"Denis Alves, Edson Luiz Riccio, E L Riccio, C. Watrin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2786246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2786246","url":null,"abstract":"Several papers have reported recently the effects of thin capitalization rules on firms’ capital structure. However, none has yet assessed the effects of the newly issued Brazilian thin-capitalization rule. This paper aims at helping filling this gap by showing evidence of the Brazilian thin capitalization rules on european private multinationals’ consolidated financial statements’ capital structures. Through a relatively fast legislative process, Brazilian thin capitalization law was enacted in 2010 and has established thresholds for intercompany debt regarding the deductibility of interests’ payment. The promulgation of the law is herein considered as an exogenous event and the analysis followed a differences-in-differences approach, having the law’s legal effectiveness regarding income tax as event date. Data were collected from the Amadeus Database. The two groups of companies were distinguished by whether a company has or not a subsidiary in Brazil. The sample includes 36,785 company-year observations of 29 european countries, 5,548 companies with 21,540 subsidiaries in Brazil in the period of 2007 to 2014. Although the two groups are clearly different regarding values of size, sales, taxes and profitability, time trends analysis, taking size, intangible assets, incurred taxes, country and year fixed effects, allows the acceptance of the groups’ comparability. An OLS with robust company-level standard errors model was estimated. Results point to a strongly significant reduction between 2,20% and 2,78%, depending on the inclusion of country, year and size fixed effects, in the leverage in relation to Total Assets for multinational companies at their consolidated data, when comparing them against european companies with no subsidiaries in Brazil. Although these results could be in line with the assumption that companies are eliminating internal loans previously borrowed for reasons of debt shifting without replacing them, the data do not allow to conclude that this is due to the management avoiding the extra tax burden due to the new Brazilian law. The leverage variation could come from other sources besides intercompany. Also it is not possible to be sure about the original source of funds directed to Brazilian subsidiaries. Nevertheless, the results make possible to conclude that the Brazilian thin capitalization rules play a role in determining the decrease in leverage. However, future research including also intercompany debt private data should investigate directly the effects observed on the subsidiaries’ capital structure.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129304979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralized Governance and the Quality of School Leadership","authors":"D. Laing, Steven G. Rivkin, Jeffrey C. Schiman, Jason Ward","doi":"10.3386/W22061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W22061","url":null,"abstract":"In response to widespread dissatisfaction with the schools, the 1988 Chicago School Reform Act decentralized school governance by forming elected local school councils (LSCs) responsible for principal hiring, evaluation, and contract renewal as well as other management functions. Subsequent legislation outlined circumstances in which the district could reclaim authority from the LSC, thereby limiting local control. This paper investigates the distribution of principal effectiveness under a system in which there is uncertainty over the locus of decision-making authority. We first establish the presence of significant variation in principal effectiveness based on both an analysis of variance approach and the estimation of principal fixed effects. Teacher survey responses support the findings based on the principal fixed effects, though the much smaller magnitude of the analysis of variance estimates suggest that unobserved shocks inflate many existing estimates of the variance in principal effectiveness. We next consider potential differences in LSC behavior that contribute to the variation. Following Aghion and Tirole (1997) we develop a model that highlights the tensions between formal and real authority and incorporates potential differences in LSC capacity and incentives to maximize school quality. Using proxies for managerial capacity and incentives we find evidence largely consistent with the theory, showing that LSCs with higher management capacity and stronger incentives to raise school quality experience larger gains in principal effectiveness following the end of contracts.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132311267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Returns to Education in Criminal Organizations: Did Going to College Help Michael Corleone?","authors":"Nadia Campaniello, Rowena Gray, G. Mastrobuoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2740211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2740211","url":null,"abstract":"Is there any return to education in criminal activities? This paper is one of the first to investigate whether education has not only a positive impact on legitimate, but also on illegitimate activities. We use as a case study one of the longest running criminal corporations in history: the Italian-American mafia. Its most successful members were capable businessmen, orchestrating crimes that required abilities that might be learned at school: extracting the optimal rent when setting up a racket, weighting interests against default risk when starting a loan sharking business or organizing supply chains, logistics and distribution when setting up a drug dealing system. We address this question by comparing mobsters to a variety of samples drawn from the United States 1940 Population Census, including a sample of their closest (non-mobster) neighbors. We document that mobsters have one year less education than their neighbors on average. We find that mobsters have significant returns to education of 7.5–8.5% , which is only slightly smaller than their neighbors and 2–5 percentage points smaller than for U.S.-born men or male citizens. Mobster returns were consistently about twice as large as a sample of Italian immigrants or immigrants from all origin countries. Within that, those charged with complex crimes including embezzlement and bookmaking have the highest returns. We conclude that private returns to education exist even in the illegal activities characterized by a certain degree of complexity as in the case of organized crime in mid-twentieth century United States.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114547788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Category Spanning, Evaluation, and Performance: Revised Theory and Test on the Corporate Law Market","authors":"Lionel Paolella, Rodolphe Durand","doi":"10.5465/AMJ.2013.0651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2013.0651","url":null,"abstract":"Studies suggest that category-spanning organizations receive lower evaluation and perform worse than organizations focused on a single category. We propose that (a) these effects are contingent on clients’ theory of value, and that, as clients expect more sophisticated services, they tend to value category spanners more positively, and (b) the evaluation of producers mediates the relationship between category spanning and performance. We test our hypotheses using original data on corporate legal services in three markets (London, New York City, and Paris) over the decade 2000–2010. We find that (a) category spanners receive a better evaluation, and more so when their categorical combination is more inclusive, and (b) evaluation mediates significantly the relationship between category spanning and performance. This study enriches our understanding of how audiences apprehend a whole market category system and why organizations span categories.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129893461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Job Sector Choice and Public Service Motivation: Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Pablo Sanabria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2723911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2723911","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I examine the determinants of job sector choice with a particular interest in the relationship with the so-called concept of public service motivation (PSM), in the context of a developing country. I use multinomial logit (MNL) to understand individuals’ decisions to take jobs in one of four sectors: government, nonprofit, for-profit, or academic jobs in Colombia. My analysis is based on data about a sample of participants on the Colombian scholarship program, Colfuturo, drawn from between 2002 and 2007. My results indicate that there are important differences in terms of the determinants of job sector choices across the four different sectors and that PSM appears to have a role on such decisions.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132043071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Взаимодействие Государства и Некоммерческих Организаций Как Форма Социального Партнерства (Interaction of the State and Noncommercial Organizations as the Form of Social Partnership)","authors":"Анатолий Чернышов","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2707730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2707730","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В статье определена специфика некоммерческих организаций (НКО) как элемента гражданского общества. Раскрыты основные направления деятельности НКО и органов государственного управления в решении социальных проблем. При определении механизмов взаимодействия государства и НКО проведена классификация некоммерческих организаций и выделены основные формы данного взаимодействия, основанные на взаимных ожиданиях власти и общества по отношению друг к другу. Процесс взаимодействия власти и общества в лице НКО рассматривается как одна из форм социального партнерства, обеспечивающая социально-экономическую стабильность общественного развития.English Abstract: Specificity of noncommercial organizations (NCO) is defined in article as element of a civil society. We described basic lines of activity of NCO and state structures in the process of solving social problems. Classification of noncommercial organizations was spent, while mechanisms of interaction between the state and NCO have been considered. Besides, basic forms of the given interaction were allocated, which are based on mutual expectations of the government and a society under the relation to each other. Interaction between state structures and a society is considered as one of forms of the social partnership, providing social and economic stability of social development.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124891591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Have Global Value Chains Contributed to Global Imbalances?","authors":"Jane Haltmaier","doi":"10.17016/IFDP.2015.1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2015.1154","url":null,"abstract":"Global value chains (GVCs) have grown rapidly over the past several decades. Over the same period, the aggregate value of current account imbalances has risen substantially. This paper looks at whether these developments are related. While there is a sizable literature that has documented the rise of global production networks, there have been few attempts to assess the potential effect on global imbalances. The paper uses measures of GVCs developed in the literature in panel regressions to assess the effect on global imbalances over the period 1995-2011. It is argued that these variables should be entered as a product rather than individually and that they should be lagged, not contemporaneous with the change in current account balances. The results suggest that GVC position weighted by participation and trade share is negatively related to a country's current account balance, i.e., moving upstream in the production process is negative for a country's current account. However, the effects on global imbalances over the period studied appear to be small.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134158580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}