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North Korea’s nuclear armament strategy and deception 朝鲜的核军备战略与欺骗
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2103407
H. Park
{"title":"North Korea’s nuclear armament strategy and deception","authors":"H. Park","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2103407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2103407","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyzes North Korea’s nuclear armament strategy. For this purpose, it applies Vipin Narang’s theory to North Korea and analyzes North Korea’s efforts to develop and strengthen its nuclear weapons on a strategic level. This study argues that North Korea’s deception operations were crucial to the ultimate success of its “strategic” nuclear buildup. This article found that North Korea initially employed a “hiding strategy,” but after its nuclear program was exposed, it managed to continue its nuclear program through deceptive agreements with the United States and eventually succeeded in developing nuclear weapons in 2013. Then, North Korea adopted a “sprinting strategy” and initiated deceptive denuclearization negotiations with the United States to prevent a military strike by the United States and gain the time necessary for its continuous nuclear buildup. China also allowed a “sheltered pursuit” through tolerance of North Korea’s nuclear armament and diplomatic assistance as well as various clandestine assistances.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"126 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47050066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The complex relationship between leadership and gendered experiences: as and with 领导和性别经验之间的复杂关系:as和with
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2092473
Stephanie K. Erwin
{"title":"The complex relationship between leadership and gendered experiences: as and with","authors":"Stephanie K. Erwin","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2092473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2092473","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Leadership, whether through response, composition, representation, or direction, reflects a complex relationship with gender in the military. The findings of this qualitative study highlighted the profound and complex relationship between leadership and gendered experiences within the military in a variety of facets including within various ranks, from superiors, subordinates, and peers, as well as both as and with leaders. This includes considerations, or lack thereof, for issues pertaining to representation, voice, gender bias, stereotyping, and intersectionality in addition to the significant and prominent issues of sexual misconduct. Military leadership development efforts, both at large and for women in particular, must reflect the pivotal role which leadership plays while simultaneously acknowledging the unique cultural and contextual environment of the military. In addition to continued efforts to encourage and enable women’s military service and leadership, military and civilian leadership, regardless of gender, should be cognizant of the magnitude of leader roles and responsibilities pertaining to gender.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"25 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41740787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The problem of allocating resources to defense 分配国防资源的问题
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2094251
Carlos Martí Sempere
{"title":"The problem of allocating resources to defense","authors":"Carlos Martí Sempere","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2094251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2094251","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article addresses the problem that societies face for properly allocating resources to grant security to their members. It examines the methods and ways for setting and distributing these resources to obtain enough military capabilities to face threats. The problem: the choice of an allocation that optimizes social welfare is an old and constant concern for public policies. The main novelty of this article is to explore this problem from the bounded rationality of human beings, i.e. choices made under imperfect information, preferences unsupported by economic rationality or the constrained effectiveness of non-market arrangements for deciding adequately. These issues may drive to allocations that do not obtain the largest welfare.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"86 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42692948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
NATO and Russia: defense and deterrence in a time of conflict 北约与俄罗斯：冲突时期的防御与威慑
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082957
Justin Magula, M. Rouland, P. Zwack
{"title":"NATO and Russia: defense and deterrence in a time of conflict","authors":"Justin Magula, M. Rouland, P. Zwack","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082957","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the past decade, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has undertaken a strategic transformation to address various threats against the Alliance. Amongst those threats, Russia poses the most inimical and immediate challenge in terms of time, geography, and intent. Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, what could a strategic policy toward Russia for the next decades look like? What is needed to deter aggression against allies across all domains, to deter below the threshold of armed conflict and to de-escalate and terminate conflict above the threshold?","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"502 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46891387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
NATO burden-sharing: past, present, future 北约的责任分担:过去，现在，未来
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082953
Fenella McGerty, Dominika Kunertova, Madison Sargeant, Andrew Webster
{"title":"NATO burden-sharing: past, present, future","authors":"Fenella McGerty, Dominika Kunertova, Madison Sargeant, Andrew Webster","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082953","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How can NATO upgrade its understanding of (and metrics for) fair burden-sharing? Alliance burden-sharing is a lasting concern for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and will remain a focal point of the NATO 2022 Strategic Concept. Public discussions of NATO burden-sharing and the 2014 Defense Investment Pledge overemphasize defense expenditure and fail to account for alternative frameworks for understanding alliance burden-sharing and specifically, NATO’s optimal burden-share distribution. The U.S. Military Academy’s February 2022 NATO Strategic Concept Seminar featured a panel on burden-sharing frameworks and metrics. In this article, we present the main ideas and arguments, placed within the existing literature on alliance burden-sharing. We argue that, in the long-run, NATO can develop more fair, effective, and efficient burden-sharing arrangements by encouraging weapons and capability specialization, increasing inexpensive but influential operations such as advisory missions, and adapting flexible command and control structures when partnering with non-NATO actors on future battlefields. We argue that, in the short-run, NATO can refine the Defense Investment Pledge with a balanced focus on Cash, Capabilities, and Contributions while also extending the deadline for complete compliance with existing expenditure benchmarks until 2030.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"533 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41701718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Engaging with emerged and emerging domains: cyber, space, and technology in the 2022 NATO strategic concept 参与新兴领域:2022年北约战略概念中的网络、空间和技术
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082955
R. Gottemoeller, Kathryn Hedgecock, Justin Magula, Paul Poast
{"title":"Engaging with emerged and emerging domains: cyber, space, and technology in the 2022 NATO strategic concept","authors":"R. Gottemoeller, Kathryn Hedgecock, Justin Magula, Paul Poast","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082955","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cyber, space, and emerging technologies have transformed the strategic environment. Since the last publication of the NATO Strategic Concept, the Alliance has responded to this changing environment by addressing emerged and emerging threats at differential rates of operational and policy planning. Now, NATO must seek to holistically integrate these domains into the forthcoming strategic concept to increase the resilience and effectiveness of the Alliance. An adaptable and resilient Alliance that responds to the challenge of cyber, space, and emerging technologies will be best realized through three primary avenues. First, reaching preemptive consensus on actions short-of-force and consensus on space and cyber actions that trigger Article 5 will enhance collective defense and crisis management. Second, communication of capabilities and resolve will promote deterrence and enhance cooperative security among member states. Finally, cooperation with industry partners and among Allies to maintain a cutting technological edge is essential for NATO’s collective defense against emerging threats and enhances cooperative security through a common strategic culture of innovation. It is essential that NATO prevents cyber, space, and emerging technologies from being understood and actioned in isolation, and instead thoughtfully integrates technologies into the Alliances’ key tasks.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"516 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46539383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
From context to concept: history and strategic environment for NATO’s 2022 strategic concept 从背景到概念:北约2022年战略概念的历史与战略环境
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082959
Jordan Becker, Michael Duda, D. Lute
{"title":"From context to concept: history and strategic environment for NATO’s 2022 strategic concept","authors":"Jordan Becker, Michael Duda, D. Lute","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article introduces ten essays capturing ten panel discussions held by the Department of Social Sciences at the United States Military Academy on 3-4 February 2022, in support of the drafting of NATO’s 2022 Strategic Concept. While the shadow of the Russo-Ukrainian war hung heavy over the proceedings, participants sought to take both a long and a broad view, contemplating NATO’s role in a changing international order. NATO allies must assimilate these changes into their collective and national strategies, but they are first and foremost agents themselves, whose strategies can and should shape the future. The participants asked challenging questions about what international order(s) might look like in the proximate future, and how NATO allies could shape that proximate future. The authors of this introductory essay contend that while simultaneous competition with China and Russia will be a (perhaps the) central feature of the international security landscape for years to come, the act of competing does not a Strategic Concept make. Allies must grapple with interrelated issues ranging from the evergreen question of transatlantic burden-sharing to the assimilation of emerging technologies into strategic and operational planning. The transatlantic security architecture anchored by NATO will have to be incorporated into a broader, global security network to manage competition with China and Russia while holding fast to the democratic values that are at NATO’s heart.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"489 - 496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41465995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
NATO’s national resilience mandate: challenges and opportunities 北约的国家弹性任务:挑战与机遇
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082954
Brian Frizzelle, J. Garey, Isak Kulalic
{"title":"NATO’s national resilience mandate: challenges and opportunities","authors":"Brian Frizzelle, J. Garey, Isak Kulalic","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082954","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract National resilience, defined by NATO as a state’s ability to “resist and recover from a major shock such as a natural disaster, failure of critical infrastructure, or a hybrid or armed attack” must be at the forefront of discussions over the forthcoming Strateic Concept. What emerging challenges exist to national resileince, and how could NATO continue to evolve its response to these? How should our thinking evolve on deterring hybrid action and interference in democratic systems? This paper argues for four additional new national and alliance-wide resilience efforts: (1) a new baseline requirement for the protection of democracy; (2) efforts to reduce reliance on energy assets from non-NATO members, especially Russia; (3) mitigation initiatives to reduce the risk posed by foreign investment in vital infrastructure; and (4) the development of unambiguous standards for member state resilience.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"525 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47098733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Return to realism? NATO and global competition 回归现实主义?北约与全球竞争
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082958
D. Driver, Linde Desmaele, Seth A. Johnston, P. Poast
{"title":"Return to realism? NATO and global competition","authors":"D. Driver, Linde Desmaele, Seth A. Johnston, P. Poast","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082958","url":null,"abstract":"Department of National Security and Strategy, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, USA; Brussels School of Governance, Centre for Security, Diplomacy and Strategy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel Belgium; Center for Security Studies, Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Washington, DC, USA; Center for American Studies at Heidelberg University, The Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA; University of Chicago Division of the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"497 - 501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42412525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Still fit for purpose? Reassessing and revising NATO’s core tasks 仍然符合目的吗?重新评估和修改北约的核心任务
Defence Studies Pub Date : 2022-06-26 DOI: 10.1080/14702436.2022.2082951
R. Bell, Daphne Karahalios, Jarrett Reckseidler, M. Rosol
{"title":"Still fit for purpose? Reassessing and revising NATO’s core tasks","authors":"R. Bell, Daphne Karahalios, Jarrett Reckseidler, M. Rosol","doi":"10.1080/14702436.2022.2082951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2022.2082951","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT NATO’s 2010 Strategic Concept established three core tasks for the Alliance: collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. While those tasks remain sound, the 2010 Concept reflected a different geopolitical, geostrategic, and security environment from today’s, characterized by renewed conflict with Russia, concerns about China’s strategic and economic ambitions, and new security challenges like hybrid threats and disinformation. Considering the changed strategic landscape and emerging challenges, we argue that NATO should make several refinements to its core tasks. European Allies must improve defense capabilities, ensuring their ability to help NATO meet its core tasks. In conjunction with the other Allied nuclear powers (the United Kingdom and France), the U.S. must renew its commitment to maintaining NATO as a nuclear alliance. NATO should adopt a more rigorous operational definition of crisis management, and a more systematic emphasis on the early warning and pre-crisis phases. Finally, while national “resilience” is already implied in Article 3ʹs requirement for member states to “maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack,” adding it as a fourth core task would powerfully emphasize the need for allies to address new elements of resilience, to include both technological threats and democratic backsliding.","PeriodicalId":35155,"journal":{"name":"Defence Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"548 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42162721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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