Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0013
L. Mcdonald
{"title":"Fluidity in the Early Formation of the Hebrew Bible","authors":"L. Mcdonald","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:What follows is a survey of the formation of the Hebrew Bible in its formative stages, highlighting the continuing fluidity in the scope of the Jewish Scripture collection for centuries. This is seen from a limited selection of sacred texts in the post-exilic writing of Ezra and Nehemiah. To that time there was no formal fixed collection, though it is clear that most frequent citations or references are to the laws of Moses and likely all of the books of the Pentateuch. There are a few faint references to the Prophets (2 Kings and Ezra 5), but no clear reference to a collection of the Prophets until about 180 BCE in Ben Sira. Examples of this fluidity can be seen in several ancient Jewish texts (Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, and several early rabbinic texts) as well as in several early Christian references when Second Temple Judaism had a major influence on the Jewish-Christian sect, including the witness of several important Hebrew and Christian ancient manuscripts. These examples reflect the continuing fluidity in the shape of the Jewish Scriptures and the early Christian Old Testaments well into the Middle Ages.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"73 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78678395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0011
R. Liebermann
{"title":"For-Profit Prophets? Ezekiel 13:17–23 and the Threat of Female Intermediaries","authors":"R. Liebermann","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The passage concerning female intermediaries in Ezek 13:17–23 is beset with interpretational obstacles. For example, the Hebrew is unclear as to whether the women receive payment in barley and bread, even though many translations assert it. Commentators often assume the payment hints at corruption. Yet the passage suggests that Ezekiel believed the women wielded significant power in their community, amounting to far greater gains than grains.The exact nature of their ritual activities remains uncertain, but reading Ezek 13:17–23 in the context of other passages concerning women and religious authority sheds light on Ezekiel's ideology and rhetoric. For example, the misogynistic language in Ezekiel 16 and 23 reflects his androcentric response to the emasculating experience of the Babylonian exile. Ezekiel's desire to preserve the Judean community in Babylonia provoked him to condemn women whom he thought perverted their social roles. The same desire is reflected in his efforts to assert his religious authority as a Zadokite priest and Yhwh's prophet. Those who contradicted him represented a threat to his credibility and his attempts to preserve the group identity of his community.Ezekiel 13:17–23 thus sits at the intersection of two of Ezekiel's societal concerns: women and religious authority. It is important to recognize this context as well as his use of gendered rhetoric to undermine the female intermediaries. Such an understanding contradicts the traditional interpretation that the female intermediaries really were conducting dangerous sorcery: an interpretation which has historically harmed those (primarily women) accused of being witches.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"4 4 1","pages":"213 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85739609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0009
J. Hoyt
{"title":"In Defense of Yhwh's Unmerited Grace in Judges: A Response to Frolov and Stetckevich","authors":"J. Hoyt","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The analysis and interpretation of the roles of repentance and grace within the book of Judges is complicated by a variety of narrative and lexical features. Often repentance is assumed to precede the deliverance from oppression in each of the cycles. A prior article, Reassessing Repentance in Judges by Hoyt concludes that the narrator of Judges focuses on communicating a theology of Yhwh's grace and compassion, not a theology of repentance, and provides hints that the Israelites may not have repented. A more recent article by Frolov and Stetckevich, \"Repentance in Judges: Assessing the Reassessment,\" engages in this discussion by arguing against Hoyt and concludes that the narrator does communicate repentance. This article continues the conversation by analyzing Frolov and Stetckevich's conclusions and correcting their misrepresentations of Hoyt's prior research. This article concludes that their argument is not compelling and that they have not provided sufficient evidence to show that repentance is communicated in Judges. But, rather, Hoyt's prior conclusion, that the narrator focuses on communicating a story of Yhwh's grace, while hinting that Israel may not have repented, is still worthy of consideration.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"197 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79032535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0019
Devorah Schoenfeld
{"title":"One Song or Many: The Unity of the Song of Songs in Jewish and Christian Exegesis","authors":"Devorah Schoenfeld","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:How did the Bible become a unified text? How did it turn from a collection of separate scrolls into a single book? We can see a piece of the answer in the way that individual books became unified, how books of the Bible that seem not to be single, unified stories are turned into single stories by later interpreters. This article will examine one key book of the Bible where this transformation took place—the Song of Songs. How did it come to be interpreted as a single story?","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"123 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86066549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0001
Aryeh Amihay
{"title":"Spatial Dynamics: The Sanctity of Place and Nation in Ancient Judaism","authors":"Aryeh Amihay","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"435 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73139815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0004
L. N. Bornstein
{"title":"The Romantic Fragment as a Key to a New Reading of Song of Songs","authors":"L. N. Bornstein","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The secret of Shir Hashirim—the Song of Solomon—defies decryption. Few commentators dare to acknowledge the incomprehensibility of Song of Songs, yet the many interpretations that attempt to cope with the poem fail to tackle the problems of lack of context, disintegration, and fluid boundaries between literal and metaphoric meanings. Here, however, these predicaments are represented not only as bumps on the road to an integrative interpretation of the Song but also, and mainly, as the epitomic characteristics of Song of Songs, via direct reference to the Romantic Fragment genre.That Song of Songs may be set within the context of the Romantic Fragment is not self-evident. This poem has never been read this way even though it is characterized as such at several levels. The reading dynamic in this poem is typified by a fascinating interplay of integration versus disintegration, disconnection between textual segments and the world, and redundancy coupled with information gaps. The readers face fluidity of borders between concrete and metaphoric meanings, between innocent and sinful, what is seen and what is heard, and among real world and dream world.A close examination shows that Song of Songs is characterized by disintegration and multiple frameworks that switch off between rivalry and contradiction. Below the links and tensions in Song of Songs are described within a perspective frame. By combining the historical point of departure with theoretical tools, it becomes possible to surmount the narrow characteristics of the Romantic Fragment in order to portray traits of the Fragment as a historical genre and, concurrently, to derive a theoretical model of the reading process.","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"235 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80511656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0006
Hélène M. Dallaire
{"title":"Are Trinitarian Messianic Jews Still Jewish? The Opinions of Two Jewish Scholars","authors":"Hélène M. Dallaire","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"70 1","pages":"417 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72905783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0012
Nathan Mastnjak
{"title":"The Book of Isaiah and the Anthological Genre","authors":"Nathan Mastnjak","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Books are often associated with a single authorial figure. Though ancient notions of authorship are significantly different from our own, this idea can also be observed in certain ancient reading practices that associate the entire book of Isaiah with an eighth-century figure of that name. Modern scholars concur by viewing the additions of Second and Third Isaiah to the book of Isaiah as acts of pseudonymous ascription. This paper argues instead that the Second Temple book of Isaiah was formed and understood as an anthology of oracles associated with different prophetic figures, similar to the more transparently anthological book of the Twelve. Support for this understanding of the nature of the book of Isaiah will be found in the material history of the text and in unique paratextual features of the Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran (1QIsaa).","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"49 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74004622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hebrew StudiesPub Date : 2020-12-05DOI: 10.1353/hbr.2020.0016
K. J. Murphy
{"title":"Minding and Mending the Gap","authors":"K. J. Murphy","doi":"10.1353/hbr.2020.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2020.0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35110,"journal":{"name":"Hebrew Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"373 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72994745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}