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Linguistics Terminology and Neologisms in Swahili: Rules vs. Practice 斯瓦希里语语言学术语和新词:规则与实践

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2020-05-15 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2020.0006

Gilles-Maurice de Schryver

{"title":"Linguistics Terminology and Neologisms in Swahili: Rules vs. Practice","authors":"Gilles-Maurice de Schryver","doi":"10.1353/dic.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In this article we discuss the use of Swahili terminology in the field of linguistics. In particular, we are interested in finding out whether the rules laid out by scholars in the scientific literature for the creation of terminological neologisms in Swahili correspond with actual practice. In order to do this, three steps are taken. In Step 1 we undertake the semi-automatic extraction of linguistics terminology, by comparing occurrence frequencies in a special-purpose corpus consisting of ten recent Swahili language/linguistics textbooks, with their corresponding frequencies in a twenty-two-million-token general-language reference corpus of Swahili. In Step 2 we study the source languages and actual word formation processes of the terms and neologisms with the highest keyness values obtained during the previous step. This discussion is divided into several sections, one section per source language. In Step 3, the terms and neologisms that have been found are compared with their treatment (or absence thereof) in two existing reference works, a general dictionary and a linguistics terminology list. These three steps are preceded by brief introductions to (i) the Swahili language; (ii) its dictionaries and terminology lists; (iii) its metalexicographical, terminological and neologism studies; and (iv) our use of the term \"neologism.\" The three steps are followed by a discussion of our findings and a conclusion.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"41 1","pages":"104 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2020.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45750287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Etymology and the Doctrine of Correctness: Word Meaning in Dictionaries of English Usage 词源与正确主义:《英语用法词典》中的词义

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0015

Don Chapman

{"title":"Etymology and the Doctrine of Correctness: Word Meaning in Dictionaries of English Usage","authors":"Don Chapman","doi":"10.1353/dic.2019.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2019.0015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Usage guides invariably include prescriptive rules codifying meanings for words like aggravate and infer. The guides do not always pronounce proscribed forms as incorrect, but when they claim incorrect meanings, irrespective of actual usage, they suggest the existence of some principle of language that can serve as an authority in correctness judgments about word meanings akin to grammatical \"rules\" for correctness judgments about morphology and syntax. What those principles might be is the topic of this paper. The most basic assumed principle is that words have discrete meanings and that speakers and writers use words incorrectly if they use them for senses they do not have. But this assumption does little more than restate the proscription. For general principles that can be used as an authority for claims of correctness, the most frequent appeal in usage guides is to etymology in both its narrow sense of word origins and its wider sense of word histories. Appeals to the related notions of \"confusion,\" \"differentiation,\" and \"slipshod extension\" support and reveal the assumptions about etymology underlying correctness claims.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"40 1","pages":"116 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2019.0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45898424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Usage in the Lexicography of Italian: Two Viewpoints and a Few Basic Reflections 意大利语词典编纂中的用法：两种观点和几点基本思考

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0016

G. Polimeni

引用次数: 1

Green's Dictionary of Slang Online by Jonathon Green (review) 《格林在线俚语词典》作者:乔纳森·格林

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0022

Ammon Shea

引用次数: 0

Etymological Collections of English Words and Provincial Expressions by White Kennett (review) White Kennett的《英语单词和地方表达词源汇编》（综述）

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0024

A. Liberman

引用次数: 0

John Algeo, A Life with Language: In Memoriam 约翰·艾尔吉奥，《语言的一生:纪念》

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0021

W. Kretzschmar

引用次数: 0

The Middle English Dictionary Revenant 中古英语词典《荒野猎人》

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0020

P. Schaffner

引用次数: 1

Shared Lexical Innovations in Australian and New Zealand English 澳大利亚和新西兰英语的共同词汇创新

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0011

Pam Peters, Adam Smith, Tobias Bernaisch

{"title":"Shared Lexical Innovations in Australian and New Zealand English","authors":"Pam Peters, Adam Smith, Tobias Bernaisch","doi":"10.1353/dic.2019.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2019.0011","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper focuses on a set of 180 neologisms recorded in both Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) in order to examine their actual place and contexts of origin and to clarify the prevailing direction of transfer or \"borrowing\" in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Most of these neologisms (90%) were recorded earlier in AusE, which provides a lexicographic answer to the linguistic question as to whether AusE could be regarded as a regional epicenter of linguistic influence within Australasia. The majority of the neologisms are informal words pertaining to social values shared by Australians and New Zealanders. They reflect their common pioneering history, socioeconomic development, and wartime experience, and they highlight the shared contexts that fostered the takeup of words coined in one country by the other. This prompts further questions on the usage of these neologisms in twenty-first century AusE and NZE and whether any asymmetries in their currency and productivity correlate with the source country. Data from the Australian and New Zealand segments of GloWbE (Global Corpus of Web-based English 2012) show that higher frequencies of usage and greater morphological productivity do tend to correlate with the country of origin. Evidently regional neologisms typically remain more vibrant in the discourse of the society and culture that first coined them.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2019.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45906867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

The Century Dictionary Definitions of Charles Sanders Peirce 查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔斯的世纪词典释义

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0012

Orin Hargraves

引用次数: 1

Defining your P's and Q's: Describing and Prescribing Politeness in Dictionaries 定义你的P和Q:在字典中描述和规定礼貌

Dictionaries Pub Date : 2019-12-14 DOI: 10.1353/dic.2019.0014

M. Murphy

{"title":"Defining your P's and Q's: Describing and Prescribing Politeness in Dictionaries","authors":"M. Murphy","doi":"10.1353/dic.2019.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2019.0014","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The politeness markers please, thank you, and sorry provide a raft of problems for lexicographical treatment. Grammatically, they fall between categories. As pragmatic elements, they defy easy definition, and variations in their usage are subtle. Few words are prescribed so vigorously as politeness markers (\"always say please and thank you\"), yet they do not fit the stereotype of a prescription, in that there is no proscription. This study investigates how please, thank you, thanks, and sorry are treated in thirteen monolingual dictionaries of English, finding variation in (a) the extent to which their interactional functions are covered, (b) the types of information contained in definitions, and (c) the (sometimes very subtle) ways in which information about the potential (im)polite effects of these words is communicated. Learner dictionaries generally provide more explicit information about the polysemy of these expressions, while traditional American lexicography provides much less useful information, in part because of a tendency to define interactional word senses using similar formulae to those for denotational senses. The best definition practice emphasizes the actions the words perform and the contexts in which the actions take place.","PeriodicalId":35106,"journal":{"name":"Dictionaries","volume":"40 1","pages":"61 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/dic.2019.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44345448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0