The Open Civil Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"Low Velocity Impact Response of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs","authors":"W. Abdulsahib, M. Abduljabbar, Bayrak S. Almuhsin","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v17-e230113-2022-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v17-e230113-2022-75","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Dimensions of the reference concrete slab are 1950x1950x100 mm subjected to drop-weight impact loading.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A comprehensive parametric study was performed to examine the influence of many parameters on the RC slabs.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 From the viewpoint of cost and time savings, a three-dimensional finite element is a very good tool to predict the real behavior of the structural elements.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Results showed that the use of CFRP strips enhance the impact behavior of the slab. Contrarily, the existence of opening led to a dramatic decrease in the dynamic capacity of RC slabs with stress concentration around the openings. Furthermore, changing the shape of the impactor showed a significant effect on the peak impact load as well as the ultimate deflection at impact instant.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the scope of this paper, the response of RC slab with top and bottom reinforcements exposed to drop-weight impact loading was inspected. Time histories of impact loads and deflections were presented in detail based on ABAQUS/ Explicit analysis. The findings presented in this paper can be presented as follows:\u0000 1. The FE models show a good correlation with the experimental data. Consequently, the proposed finite element models are efficient and economical tool to explorer the effect of many parameters on the performance of RC slabs subjected to drop-weight impact load. \u0000 2. The numerical simulation confirmed that using externally bonded CFRP strips has more influence on the peak deflection of the reinforced concrete slab than the recorded impact force. \u0000 3. Comparing to the flat shape of the impactor, the hemispherical and curved shape impactor can produce large penetration depth at the impact zone with higher plastic deformations in the concrete slab. However, the flat impactor produced higher deflection at the impact instant. \u0000 4. As the radius of the impactor increases, both the duration time and the peak impact force are increased. This is because of the higher contact area was obtained when the flat impactor (infinity radius of curvature) was used as compared to other impactors. \u0000 5. Due to decreases in RC slab stiffness, the presence of openings (regardless of their shape) has considerably increased deformations in concrete especially around perimeter of the openings extended to the nearby support. \u0000 6. It has been found that the eccentric impact loading causes higher plastic deformations than the concentric one. \u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123540049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the Local Blockage Influence on Culvert Outlets Scouring Pattern","authors":"M. Hamed","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v17-e230111-2022-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v17-e230111-2022-64","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Culverts, one of the most popular crossing hydraulic structures, are mainly constructed to facilitate the waterway flowing below their roads or railways’ intersecting locations. However, their functional operation usually led to water flow passage limitation and therefore blockage occurs due to the accumulation of debris at their inlets. Consequently, this blockage can cause culvert bed scouring and failure.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this context, this study involved determining the culvert scouring pattern. Therefore, a distinctive laboratory experimental program in both non-blocked and partially blocked conditions was implemented to investigate the dominant parameters that affect the culvert’s scour depth formation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study proved that the culvert governing geometry, flow condition, and blockage percent are mainly considered the dominant parameters in studying and estimating the scouring at the outlet of the culverts. In addition, a new proposed design formula for defining the local scour depth has been developed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The proposed formula for scour depth determination was statistically compared with the previously developed models and it was showing a successful agreement with them. \u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124538778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive Strength of Chipped Rubber Aggregate Concrete: A Review","authors":"Okolnikova Galina Erikovna, Saad Lina Abass, Madumarov Mukhriddin, Al-shaibani Fouad Adnan Noman Abdullah, Chiadighikaobi Paschal Chimeremeze, Aderomose Kayode Stephen","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v17-e230111-2022-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v17-e230111-2022-59","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is a widely used material for construction therefore, it is necessary to identify materials that are economical, environmentally friendly, easily available, and prevention of environmental damage while sourcing the materials, hence the aim of this study. The current study’s objective is to have a comprehensive study on the previous research identifying the effects of chipped rubber as concrete coarse aggregate and the compressive strength (fc) of the concrete and to identify areas of relevance for better sustainability to reduce the rate of waste rubber and degradation of the environment. To achieve the objectives of this study, a review of previous research works was conducted and analyzed. A comprehensive study on the fc of chipped rubber coarse aggregate concrete (RCAC) was studied by reviewing previous research. The addition of chipped rubber in concrete to a specific ratio can enhance or reduce the concrete fc. But a reduction in the rubber concrete’s fc can be seen when the rubber content ratio exceeded 20%. When the chipped tyre rubber is treated with coupling agents, an increase in the concrete fc can be seen. The use of chipped rubber in concrete production reduces environmental degradation and proves as a step toward the sustainable development goal (SDG). Chipped RCAC mixtures are weaker than regular concrete mixtures. RCAC on the other hand is more ductile and has a better energy dissipation pattern. The fc of concrete was found to be affected by substituting concrete aggregates with rubber. ","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133194309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of A Genetic Algorithm For The Optimal Calibration Of Hysteretic Models","authors":"S. Di Benedetto, M. Latour, G. Rizzano","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e221222-2022-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e221222-2022-57","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Recent computing improvements have allowed a considerable use of numerical models to predict phenomena concerning various topics. In particular, considering the field of civil engineering, the possibility of having greater computational capabilities has guaranteed to explore both the global and local behaviour of buildings with greater attention and precision so that currently, many software programs allow modelling different structural components with high accuracy.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 One of the aspects of interest concerns the calibration of phenomenological laws to model the mechanical behaviour of specific structural members, devices or connections. With this in mind, many efforts have recently been dedicated to solving this problem by implementing computational codes called “Genetic Algorithms”, which provide optimal configurations of parameters following procedures that emulate Darwin’s theory of evolution. However, generally, these algorithms are encoded in C++ formats, which result difficult to be modified basing on the needs of the users.\u0000 With this in mind, the present work's novelty consists of implementing a Genetic Algorithm that, starting from the knowledge of assigned hysteretic curves, allows their modelling through an appropriate calibration of the parameters of the “hysteretic” uniaxialmaterial element of the OpenSees software. In particular, the originality of the code proposed in this paper is its development in the Matlab environment, which is more easily editable and more flexible to customers' specific needs than traditional C++ compilers, such as MultiCal, a calibration software already available in research.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Genetic Algorithms are instructions through which it is possible to reach the optimal calibration of mathematical models according to a procedure that conceptually refers to the evolutionary process of living species.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The proposed GA has been validated against MultiCal tool by calibrating 44 force-displacement hysteretic curves obtained from finite element simulations relating to the cyclic behaviour of connections between circular hollow section profiles and passing-through plates subjected to displacement histories in the axial direction.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results have shown that the proposed algorithm calibrates the known responses with acceptable accuracy, in line with or even better than the outcomes provided by MultiCal.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115593875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using GFRP","authors":"Yu Xuan Liew, Norliana Bakar, K. S. Lim, S. Doh, R. Jaya, S. C. Chin","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e221222-2022-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e221222-2022-53","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) is often used as external strengthening material due to its unique benefits. However, the effectiveness of the strengthening configuration, which uses GFRP in different orientations, still has a lot of uncertainties.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This research work aims to study the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using GFRP.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The mechanical properties of the GFRP were investigated, including tensile and flexural tests. Two layers of GFRP were bonded together using epoxy and a hardener of 2:1. The GFRP was then cut according to size for tensile and flexural tests. Five samples were prepared for tensile and flexural tests, respectively. In terms of beam strengthening, a total of four beams were considered for four-point bending tests, whereby two were used as control beams and the remaining two were for strengthening purposes. A 45º strengthening configuration was adopted for the shear strengthening.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Results showed that GFRP possessed the highest tensile stress, which was achieved in the range of 208.85 MPa – 319.22 MPa, while the highest flexural stress was achieved in the range of 506.16 MPa – 592.49 MPa. The results showed that shear strengthening at 45º with GFRP achieved an ultimate load of 136.38 kN, which was higher than the control beam's load of 133 kN. This indicates that GFRP managed to regain the beam capacity, which is 2.5% higher than the control beam.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This proves that GFRP can be used as an alternative strengthening material other than carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP).\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127144766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability Charts for Limiting Horizontal Normal Pressure on Cohesive-frictional Backfill for Deep Contiguous Piled Walls","authors":"S. Keawsawasvong, J. Kumar, Rungkhun Banyong, Kongtawan Sangjinda","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209080","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study presents a numerical solution for determining the limiting uniform normal pressure acting horizontally behind cohesive-frictional backfill material in a deep contiguous piled wall. At this limiting pressure, the soil tends to flow out in gaps between a series of vertical piles placed at a certain uniform horizontal spacing.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The lower and upper bound plane strain finite element limit analysis (FELA) has been carried out for this purpose. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, using an associated flow rule, was employed to impose the yield condition in the soil mass.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A parametric study was carried out to obtain the magnitude of the non-dimensional limiting lateral resistance (F/cD) as a function of normalized pile spacing (S/D), the friction angle of soils (ϕ), and the adhesion factor (δ) at the soil-pile interface; here, F refers to the lateral normal resistance (force) per unit length offered by the pile, S forms the clear spacing between piles, D is the diameter of the pile and c is soil cohesion. The impact of the different parameters on the failure mechanisms has been examined comprehensively.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The lateral resistance (F/cD) offered by the piles increases generally with a decrease in the spacing between the piles. The magnitude of F/cD increases further with an increase in the values of ϕ and δ.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"129 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132128925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Modelling of the Compressive and Tensile Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete in Beams","authors":"A. Jabbar, Z. A. Abdul-Husain, L. Danha","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e221205-2022-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e221205-2022-31","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) differs in its structural behavior from conventional concrete upon loading due to its high compressive and tensile strength, stiffness, toughness, and durability. Therefore, UHPC needs an appropriate constitutive model to simulate its mechanical properties in finite element analysis (FEA).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this study, numerical models were developed to trace the structural behavior of UHPC beams upon loading since beam behavior depends on the constituents' response to compression and tension. New numerical models were formulated to display the stress-strain relationships of UHPC in compression and tension by adopting a new methodology that depended on actual results. The compressive stress-strain relationship consisted of two portions; the ascending one for elastic and strain hardening up to compressive strength and a descending curve for the strain-softening until reaching a strain of 0.0062.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A linear tensile stress-strain relation was applied for the elastic tensile behavior up to tensile strength. Then, a tri-linear relationship was applied for the stiffness degradation and crack propagation upon debonding fibers from the concrete matrix until fracture. These numerical models were used in Abaqus software to simulate the UHPC beam behavior.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The developed models were verified and approved for beams' behavior upon loading in flexure and shear. The results indicated that the models could predict the UHPC beams' response throughout the entire loading range from the beginning until failure. The verification included bear capacity, deflection, crack pattern, and stress distribution.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126188998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Performance Assessment of the Historical Reggio Calabria Cathedral","authors":"G. Brandonisio, M. Naqash, E. N. Farsangi","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209291","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Italy's church buildings' cultural and architectural significance cannot be overstated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This paper addresses the seismic vulnerability of the cathedral located in Reggio Calabria, Italy. The analysis of this building is interesting as it was retrofitted after the destructive 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria earthquake.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The original design illustrating the static schemes and the considered actions of the church are described. Structural drawings of that time are also reported, which proved to be fundamental for the numerical modelling of the building. The issues and assumptions made during the modelling phase of the structure with the seismic actions are also illustrated. All the transverse and longitudinal frames were analysed using nonlinear analysis to evaluate the seismic capacity and vulnerability indicators in terms of accelerations and periods.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results provided by the modal analysis are presented and discussed to highlight the global dynamic behaviour of the church.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The seismic vulnerability indicators have been calculated by considering the seismic actions recommended by the current technical standards and concerning the 1975 Messina earthquake, which represents the most severe earthquake experienced by the church.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127376732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Impact of Tropical Red Clay Soils' Mineralogical Composition on their Physical and Mechanical Properties– a Case Study Ruaka – Kenya","authors":"S. Hassan, S. Shitote, J. Thuo","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e2209260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Residual soils covering large areas of the earth have been chiefly discovered in the last 30 years in most volcanic tropical and subtropical countries. Understanding their behaviour is essential for various infrastructure developments.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The physical and mechanical properties of the soils are affected by their mineralogical composition. There is a need to determine the mineralogical composition of the soils and investigate the impact on properties. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study conducted on red clay soil from Ruaka, a suburb in Kenya, to investigate the effect of mineral and chemical composition on the soil’s physical and mechanical properties. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were subjected to different tests such as Atterberg limits, soil classification, consolidation test, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and petrology test based on the British Standard soil classification system (1377-1994). The soils were classified as clay with high plasticity, and high clay content varied between 59-79% resulting in mechanical instability of the soil in this site.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The mineral and chemical analysis indicated the formation of unique minerals like Halloysite, Quartz, Kaolinite, and Mica, which influenced the geotechnical properties of clay. The index properties of clay recorded high values; the moisture content and plastic limit varied between 37- 46% with a slight increase as depth increased; the liquid limit varied between 63-68% with increased depth.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The average value of maximum dry density was reported as around 1247 kg/m3 with high optimum moisture content, reaching 35.5%. Besides that, the soil had a high void ratio of 1.145 to 1.63, which increased the permeability of the clay to 1.223E-5 cm/s. The properties of red clay soils in more than ten tropical regions in Kenya compared with the soil under study are also presented in this paper.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115845492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Inadequate Lap Splice Length on the Collapse Probability of Concrete wall Buildings in Malaysia","authors":"Y. Mahmood, Mohammadreza Vafaei, S. Alih, Mohammad Masoud Masoomi","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e2208190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e2208190","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In recent decades, Malaysia has shown a significant increase in the number of constructed high-rise buildings due to rapid urbanization and an increase in its population. However, due to the country's low seismicity, the majority of such tall buildings and infrastructures have not been designed against seismic actions. Therefore, they do not comply with the required seismic detailing and often suffer from inadequate lap splice length. After the 2015 Sabah earthquake that imposed significant damage to public buildings, the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Malaysia received increasing attention. As a result, researchers have tried to quantify the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Malaysia through the development of fragility curves.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In Malaysia, most developed seismic fragility curves for buildings have not taken into account the effect of inadequate lap splice length. Therefore, this study investigates to what extent an inadequate lap splice length can alter the concrete wall buildings’ probability of collapse.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Two 25-story concrete wall buildings with an identical plan but different parking levels were selected. Fifteen natural far-field earthquake records were used in the incremental dynamic analysis to calculate the inter-story drift demand and capacities. The inelastic response of beams and columns was simulated through the lumped plasticity model, and that of concrete walls and slabs was taken into account through the fiber-based distributed plasticity model. The effect of inadequate lap splice length in columns was simulated in the finite element models using the proposed method in ASCE/SEI 41-17 code. The developed fragility curves were compared with those established by other researchers for the same buildings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was observed that seismic-induced damage mostly concentrated on the columns of parking levels while the concrete walls remained in the elastic region. The obtained inter-story drift capacities were all less than 2%. Besides, the inter-story drift capacities of interior frames were less than half of exterior frames. The exterior frame of the building with three parking levels exhibited a larger probability of exceeding the CP limit state than the interior frame. A similar observation was made for the building with five parking levels when the PGA was more than 0.25g. Moreover, the probability of exceeding the CP limit state of the exterior frame with three parking levels was significantly more than that of the exterior frame with five parking levels. A similar observation was made for the interior frames when the PGA was larger than 0.2g. Furthermore, the conducted comparison showed that an inadequate lap splice length could increase the concrete wall buildings’ probability of collapse between 38 to 89%. The increase in the collapse probability of the interior frame with five parking levels was almost twice that of the exterior frame.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was concluded that the inadequate lap splice length c","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132249271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}