The Open Civil Engineering Journal最新文献

{"title":"Consolidation in Soft Soil – Case Study on Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs)","authors":"Nadarasa Kuganeswaran, A. Rahim, N. Ali","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010310","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Constructing on soft ground is one of the challenges of geotechnical engineering. The unpredictable behaviour and characteristics of soft soil can cause much damage resulting in high maintenance costs in the post-construction phase.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The purpose of this study is to analyse the consolidation process and ground improvement method using surcharge and a prefabricated vertical drain by measuring the accuracy of the prediction settlement value with the actual site settlement results.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An effective ground improvement method is the application of a surcharge and prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs). Various methods can be used to predict the settlement effectively, one such method being PLAXIS 3D simulation. A case study on ground improvement works was selected for this research, where PVDs were constructed and implemented at the site. A few undisturbed samples were collected from the site to generate the parameters based on the lab test conducted in the simulation process. This parameter was carefully studied and representing the principal input for the 3D model, which is generated and represents the actual ground improvement method for the selected case study. The analysis was performed using a borehole and soft soil model to generate the diagram. The prediction settlement value was generated from the PLAXIS 3D analysis as the baseline comparing to the actual results. The factors that influence the settlement value, such as the length and spacing of the prefabricated vertical drain, construction method, and soil characteristics, are also discussed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A predicted settlement of 2553 mm was generated by the simulation, while the actual settlement outcome at the site was 2096 mm, a difference of 457 mm, and a prediction accuracy of 82.1%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study found that the combination of surcharge and prefabricated vertical drain in the ground improvement worked well. Also, discussed were the factors that influenced the accuracy of the prediction and the site results.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129321878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Improvement of Box Girder Construction on Toll Road Projects based on M-PERT and VE","authors":"A. Husin, D. Rahmawati, Myrna Meisaroh, Bernadette Detty Kussumardianadewi","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010299","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 According to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Index (CGI) by the World Economic Forum, the infrastructure growth of Indonesia is placed on number 72 out of 141 countries and ranked 5th in the ASEAN countries. The growth of infrastructure in Indonesia is a result of the imbalance increase of developments of 10-55% annually with only a 1.9% annual increase in road length. There was a delay of 11.95%, with the high investment in the construction of this toll road and the low-interest rate of return of around 7.79%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The expected goal in this research is to have cost and time efficiency in implementing infrastructure on the toll road project.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This research is using a combination of case studies and statistical analysis; the case studies and the implementation of the M-PERT and VE on the object. Statistical analysis using simulation tools Relative Importance Index (RII) analysis based on research instruments to the success of the implementation of Manual Program Evaluation and Review Technique (M-PERT) and Value Engineering (VE) on toll road projects.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results of research with the analysis RII reveals that 10 important factors are affecting the performance of a project. The case study using the M-PERT method obtains a value of time accuracy of 98.87% of the real duration needed on site, while the VE method results in a revenue contribution outside of the toll income of 9.38% of the construction cost.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125145861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement the Durability of the Hot Mix Asphalt by Using Crumb Rubber","authors":"J. Aladwan, Amani Soud Altamseh, Mohamad Awwad, Ibrahim khalifat","doi":"10.2174/18741495-v16-e211013-2021-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741495-v16-e211013-2021-39","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 With the rapid economy growth and continuously increased consumption, a large amount of tire waste materials is generated\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study attends to test the performance of many samples of asphalt concrete mix with adding the crumb rubber modifier (CRM) of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as percentage of asphalt cement content (AC) to address the best content of CRM (optimum) for asphaltic mixes the hot one HMA\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The Marshall design was used here to examine the influence of the Optimum CRM content. The CRM is blended with AC using wet process. Subsequently, by obtaining low price and economic mixes that will reduce the optimum asphalt content OAC\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The laboratory tests show that optimum rubber content is 17% by the weight of the asphalt cement. This meets the ASTM Standards 2001and Jordanian MPWH requirements\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Adding the CRM to HMA will increase the consistency and viscosity of the mixes which leads to higher rutting resistance, reduce fatigue and reflecting cracking and improve durability\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131090409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Construction Project Cost Estimating Accuracy in Egypt","authors":"A. Ibrahim, Lamiaa M. Elshwadfy","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010290","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The accuracy of the cost estimate is a key success factor for any construction project. It is the base for an effective tendering process. It can also be considered as the cornerstone of the cost control process.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This paper aims to develop a model that can be used to assess the expected cost estimating accuracy of construction projects. This model is named as Construction Cost Estimate Accuracy Index (CCEAI).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A questionnaire survey that contains fifteen factors clustered into four categories was carried out among 90 experts based on the construction cost estimate. Only sixty-six questionnaires were returned. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to identify the relative weights of the different cost estimates.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The questionnaire results were analyzed using the AHP technique to calculate the relative weight for each of the input factors and categories. A Construction Cost Estimating Accuracy Assessment model (CCEAI) was developed based on the calculated relative weights. Then, three projects were used as case study applications to check the validity of the proposed model. The results showed that the CCEAI model is greatly reliable in predicting the expected accuracy of the cost estimate.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results of this research and the developed model are very important and can be considered as a powerful tool to predict and improve the expected accuracy of any future construction cost estimate.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116976185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durability Phenomena of Bitumen and Bituminous Pavement Materials","authors":"A. Mohamed, Soon Yee Wong, Lau Teck Leong, M. A. Farooqi, R. Jaya, Z. Al-Saffar, H. Yaacob","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010279","url":null,"abstract":"The durability of asphaltic mixtures, in addition to traffic loading, is greatly influenced by the extremes environmental parameters. For instance, at higher temperatures, bitumen becomes soft, thereby reducing the stiffness of asphalt mixtures and making them vulnerable to rutting. On the other hand, at lower temperatures, the stiffness of bitumen is increased, reducing the flexibility of asphaltic concrete and rendering it prone to fatigue failure. Therefore, this evaluation is an extensive research study on the durability of binder and asphalt mixture with their phenomena. Besides that, this paper intends to delve into the various testing methods and measures adopted to evaluate aging and slowing it down. It also presents a critical review of these methods and proposes a future course of action to better address aging issues. According to the evaluation, the behavior of bitumen on the basis of its source varies; when it is mixed with bitumen modifiers, aggregates, and other filler materials, its behavior becomes even more complex. Hence the understanding of the phenomenon of aging is important and the significance cannot be overemphasized. Extensive research work has been done over the last seven decades to evolve the understanding of short- and long-term aging and to improve the durability of asphaltic mixtures. Generally, the aging of bitumen under the influence of both environment and traffic is irreversible as well as inevitable. Apart from entailing hefty maintenance budgets, it remains a challenge to the researchers to slow down aging.","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121691276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeable Pavements Hydraulic Modelling: An Experimental Study","authors":"Simone Infante, M. Mobilia, A. Longobardi, Mauro Albini","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010266","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The changes in land use associated with urban development cause an increase in urban flooding. Low Impact Development (LID) systems help to mitigate this hazardous phenomenon.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Among LIDs, Permeable Pavement (PP) proved to be a very effective technology in reducing surface runoff. In light of this, the present research analyzes the Retention Capacities (RC) of three different PP samples, which differ in terms of composition and percentage of bitumen and aggregates and have been realized according to Italian national regulations and technical specifications. Hydraulic laboratory tests are conducted using a rainfall simulator to quantify the Retention Capacity (RC) of the three samples in response to rainfall events with different intensities (5, 10, 20, 30 mm/h).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The values of RC range between 85% and 20%, depending on the rainfall and sample properties, confirming the high potential of PPs in reducing surface stormwater production. The accuracy of HYDRUS-1D model in simulating the surface runoff from the PP samples has been investigated. HYDRUS-1D has been calibrated using measured data of runoff from the laboratory tests and adopting NSE as an optimization criterion.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The parameters sets obtained by the calibration procedure give back Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values close to 1 for each PP configuration, which means a very high accuracy in model prediction. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has allowed to identify, by means of a global sensitivity index S, the most and the less influential parameters within the model, which respectively are the saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks (S=0.57) and the tortuosity coefficient L (S=0.015).\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122049199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Monitoring of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building in Naples Port Area","authors":"Pasquale Bencivenga, C. Chisari, Costantino Dell’Aversano, V. Pasquino, M. Ferraioli, Adele Vasaturo, G. Matteis","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The conservation and preservation of existing buildings, in particular public infrastructures, is currently a significant issue in Italy and Europe, considering their strategic role and the risk represented by human losses, management issues and also economic disruption in case of collapse.\u0000 In this context, the interest in conservation is not restricted to monumental or artistical buildings but also includes the several buildings composing the Italian infrastructural heritage, which in many cases are made of reinforced concrete and show signs of ageing after half a century and more from their construction.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 On the basis of these premises, in the present paper, a preliminary investigation on an infrastructural case study located in Naples port is presented. Such a study is part of a research activity aimed at defining critical structural issues of the central administrative building of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port System Authority.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A system of high-sensitivity and low-cost MEMS acceleration sensors were installed on the structure, with the aim of investigating its dynamic behaviour. A Finite Element model of the building was created, including information about material properties and cross-section details from prior experimental activities. A model updating procedure was carried out, based on the dynamic data collected by the monitoring system and post-processed to estimate the fundamental frequencies.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This has allowed highlighting the main features of the dynamic response of the building, and the critical role played by deformability of infill panels and floors on the modal properties of the structure.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128394277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Producing Sustainable Concrete using Nano Recycled Glass","authors":"Z. K. Abbas, Hayder A. Mahdi, Bassam A. Tayeh","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Many tools and techniques have been recently adopted to develop construction materials that are less harmful and friendlier to the environment. New products can be achieved through the recycling of waste material. Thus, this study aims to use recycled glass bottles as sustainable materials.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our challenge is to use nano glass powder by the addition or replacement of the weight of the cement for producing concrete with enhanced strength.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A nano recycled glass powder is prepared by crushing and storming a glass bottle to obtain a Blaine surface area of approximately 28 m2/g and conforming to the chemical requirements for natural pozzolana class N, according to ASTM C618. The outcome of using nano recycled glass for theaddition and replacement of ordinary Portland cement weight on the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete at 7, 28, and 90 days is investigated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The concrete mixes with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% replacements of cement by nano recycled glass powder show improvements in compressive and flexural strengths of up to 12.77% and 7.66%, respectively, at 28 days. Meanwhile, mixes with the addition of 5% nano glass powder show best improvements in compressive and flexural strengths of up to 11.49% and 7.46%, respectively.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116828714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Retrofit of an Existing Reinforced Concrete Building with Buckling-restrained Braces","authors":"M. Ferraioli, A. Lavino, C. Molitierno, Gennaro Di Lauro","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010203","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The seismic retrofitting of frame structures using hysteretic dampers is a very effective strategy to mitigate earthquake-induced risks. However, its application in current practice is rather limited since simple and efficient design methods are still lacking, and the more accurate time-history analysis is time-consuming and computationally demanding.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This paper develops and applies a seismic retrofit design method to a complex real case study: An eight-story reinforced concrete residential building equipped with buckling-restrained braces.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The design method permits the peak seismic response to be predicted, as well as the dampers to be added in the structure to obtain a uniform distribution of the ductility demand. For that purpose, a pushover analysis with the first mode load pattern is carried out. The corresponding story pushover curves are first idealized using a degrading trilinear model and then used to define the SDOF (Single Degree-of-Freedom) system equivalent to the RC frame. The SDOF system, equivalent to the damped braces, is designed to meet performance criteria based on a target drift angle. An optimal damper distribution rule is used to distribute the damped braces along the elevation to maximize the use of all dampers and obtain a uniform distribution of the ductility demand.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The effectiveness of the seismic retrofit is finally demonstrated by non-linear time-history analysis using a set of earthquake ground motions with various hazard levels.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results proved the design procedure is feasible and effective since it achieves the performance objectives of damage control in structural members and uniform ductility demand in dampers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"14 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122713573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Italian Hospitals: The Case Study of the National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale Foundation” of Naples","authors":"M. Zizi, Pasquale Bencivenga, Gennaro Di Lauro, Gianfranco Laezza, Pasquale Crisci, C. Frattolillo, G. Matteis","doi":"10.2174/1874149502115010182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 A large portion of the Italian built heritage is characterized by a significant seismic vulnerability since many structures were designed with outdated criteria, i.e., without accounting for seismic actions. This aspect is particularly relevant for strategic structures and infrastructures, whose functionalities are crucial in case of seismic events.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The main aim of the present paper is to share the key findings related to the seismic vulnerability assessment of the National Institute for the Study and Treatment of Cancer (IRCCS) “Giovanni Pascale Foundation” in Naples. In particular, the main evidences could be easily extended to existing hospitals realized in the last century, with the main reference to: construction techniques, quality of constructional material, overt and convert seismic vulnerabilities and possible intervention strategies for risk mitigation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the present paper, the assessment methodologies adopted for such a strategic hospital complex are provided, focusing in particular on: i. preliminary research of original design documents and on-site investigation for determining constructional details; ii. material tests on structural elements; iii. vulnerability seismic assessment by means of non-linear FE analyses (push-over and capacity spectrum method); iv. recommendations on retrofitting measures and cost estimations.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The conducted study puts into clear evidence the inadequacy of the investigated buildings to face the design seismic actions provided by the current Italian code and thus showed the significant seismic vulnerabilities affecting the Institute “G. Pascale Foundation” of Naples. Among these, particular attention has also been focused on the so-called intrinsic vulnerabilities, namely the ones not measurable explicitly and interesting non-structural elements (e.g., connection of shelves, stained glass windows, facilities, etc.).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The presented case study highlights the strong seismic vulnerability affecting structures realized in the past century, despite their strategic functions. On the whole, the examined structures can be considered as representative of this building typology, and the adopted calculation criteria, as well as the assumptions of the assessment process, could be easily extended to similar case studies.\u0000","PeriodicalId":350575,"journal":{"name":"The Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116104909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}