Criminology eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment, Aid and Terrorism: Empirical Insight Conditioned on Corruption Control","authors":"U. Efobi, S. Asongu, Ibukun Beecroft","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2586355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2586355","url":null,"abstract":"This study checks the effect of foreign aid on terrorism and FDI, conditioned on domestic levels of corruption-control (CC). The empirical evidence is based on a sample of 78 countries for the period 1984-2008. The following findings are established: the negative effect of terrorism on FDI is apparent only in higher levels of CC; foreign aid dampens the negative effect of terrorism on FDI only in higher levels of CC; when foreign aid is subdivided into its bilateral and multilateral components, the result is mixed. While our findings are in accordance with the stance that bilateral aid is effective in reducing the adverse impact of transnational terrorism, the position that only multilateral aid is effective at mitigating the adverse impact of domestic terrorism on FDI is not confirmed because multilateral aid also curbs the adverse effect of transnational terrorism on FDI. Moreover, multilateral aid also decreases the adverse effect of unclear and total terrorisms on FDI. Policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125029075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the 'Smart Return' to Reduce Tax Evasion","authors":"Joseph Bankman, C. Nass, J. Slemrod","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2578432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2578432","url":null,"abstract":"Tax evasion costs government over 400 billion dollars a year. We suggest enforcement efforts can be strengthened by redesigning the tax return to take advantage of social psychology research, and industry experience with data-driven systems. To illustrate the potential of this approach, in this paper we propose three categories of changes that merit testing through pilot studies. The first involves changing the wording on existing returns to increase the psychological cost of evasion and increase the perceived expectation of detection. The second builds appeals to morality in the return itself through the use of a short phrase containing a \"self-relevant\" noun. The third uses on-line \"conversational agents\" to ask adaptive questions.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124129541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countervailing Effects: What the FDA Would Have to Know to Evaluate Tobacco Regulations","authors":"M. Kleiman, J. Prieger, Jonathan Kulick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2569700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2569700","url":null,"abstract":"The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act [P.L. 111-31] gives the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate tobacco products, including placing restrictions on product composition, sale, and distribution. A complete accounting of the costs and benefits of any tobacco regulation includes harms from possible illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP): costs of enforcement, violence, incarceration, etc. Indeed, the law instructs the FDA to take into account the “countervailing effects” of regulation on public health, “such as the creation of a significant demand for contraband or other tobacco products that do not meet the requirements.” While the law’s narrow focus on public health may limit the scope of an inquiry by the FDA compared to a full benefit-cost analysis, aspects of ITTP such as violence and incarceration have substantial health impacts. Illicit markets in drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine, not to mention the grand experiment of alcohol Prohibition in the early 20th century, illustrate the substantial risks of unwanted side effects of drug prohibition. But taxes, product limitations, access restrictions, and narrowly defined product bans constitute “lesser prohibitions,” and are subject to the same kind (if not degree) of risks. All tobacco policy-making should therefore consider ITTP. This article sets forth a research agenda for the FDA to consider in order to estimate the effects of contemplated tobacco-product regulation and ITTP. We argue that, to carry out fully its legislative mandate, the FDA would have to determine the current size and impact of ITTP, analyze how these may be expected to change under new regulations, and look for interdependencies among tobacco-product markets that may complicate single-product regulation. A more challenging element of the research agenda would be to develop a better theoretical groundwork for the prediction of the emergence, size, and side effects of illicit markets.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"20 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113942167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Youth Employment: Evidence from New York City Summer Youth Employment Program Lotteries","authors":"Alexander M. Gelber, A. Isen, Judd B. Kessler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2545445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2545445","url":null,"abstract":"Programs to encourage labor market activity among youth, including public employment programs and wage subsidies like the Work Opportunity Tax Credit, can be supported by three broad rationales. They may: (1) provide contemporaneous income support to participants; (2) encourage work experience that improves future employment and/ or educational outcomes of participants; and/or (3) keep participants “out of trouble.” We study randomized lotteries for access to New York City’s Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP), the largest summer youth employment program in the U.S., by merging SYEP administrative data on 294,580 lottery participants to IRS data on the universe of U.S. tax records. In assessing the three rationales, we find that: (1) SYEP participation causes average earnings and the probability of employment to increase in the year of program participation, with modest crowd out of other earnings and employment ; (2) SYEP participation causes a moderate decrease in average earnings for three years following the program and has no impact on college enrollment; and (3) SYEP participation decreases the probability of incarceration and decreases the probability of mortality , which has important and potentially pivotal implications for analyzing the net benefits of the program.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124031352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Submission to the Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee Inquiry: The Ability of Australian Law Enforcement Authorities to Eliminate Gun-Related Violence in the Community","authors":"A. Daly","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2501192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2501192","url":null,"abstract":"This is a submission to an Australian Senate review of the law around gun control in Australia. The particular focus of this submission is on 3D printed weapons and the effective enforcement of law. An introduction to 3D printing is given for non-experts, along with the 3D printing ecosystem (consisting of 3D printer manufacturers, online repositories for 3D printing design files and open hardware projects such as the RepRap). The risks of 3D printers being used to manufacture dangerous/restricted items such as firearms is outlined, with a particular focus on the decentralised nature of 3D printing as a social phenomenon. Possible methods of enforcing laws vis-a-vis 3D printing are considered as well as their likelihood of success. Finally, the legitimate vs illegitimate uses of 3D printing are weighed up for the benefit of legislators and regulators.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128320265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crossing the Fault Line in Corporate Criminal Law","authors":"Amy J. Sepinwall","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2513445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2513445","url":null,"abstract":"Why is it that so few bankers have been prosecuted and punished in the wake of the financial meltdown? Pundits are quick to point to inadequate funding for addressing financial crime or, more cynically, the revolving door between government regulatory agencies and Wall Street. But the ultimate answer may be at once more banal and more dispiriting, lying as it does at the very foundations of our criminal law.The conception of responsibility underpinning much of our criminal law contemplates the individual in isolation from others. As a result, our criminal law has tremendous difficulty tracking culpability in organizational contexts. That we are without the theoretical or justificatory resources to address organizational wrongs is not idle observation. This impoverishment accounts for many instances of failures to punish, and so many instances of justice undone – the rash of bankers evading punishment for the financial crisis being just one example.This Article uses the failure of criminal law to redress the wrongs of the financial crisis as a way to fix ideas in a larger theoretical quest, one that seeks to determine when and why one might deserve punishment for a group crime to which one did not culpably contribute. I aim to establish that, within organizational contexts, the grounds for praise and blame do not track individual causal contributions; accordingly, nor should the allocation of rewards and punishment. In place of causation or participation, I locate the executive’s blameworthiness in a novel theory of shared responsibility. And I argue that sometimes the quantum of blame he deserves on this theory licenses our prosecuting and punishing him for the corporate crime, independent of whether he is at fault.The idea that one person may be punished for the crime of another is unpopular but not unknown in the criminal law. But no existing doctrine of vicarious criminal liability would allow for the prosecution of an executive for a crime of his corporation, and none of these doctrines tracks the kind of responsibility I seek to elucidate here in any event.In this way, we lack both theory and doctrine to support the notion that executives might deserve prosecution and punishment for a crime of their corporation independent of whether they are at fault. This Article seeks to supply the missing theoretical account, and to identify the (relatively minor) doctrinal changes needed to operationalize the theory. The Article thus aims not only to reform our thinking about criminal responsibility, but also to provide a concrete, practicable and just way of responding to corporate criminal wrongdoing.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128730846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Female Officers Improve Law Enforcement Quality? Effects on Crime Reporting and Domestic Violence Escalation","authors":"Amalia R. Miller, C. Segal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2519470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2519470","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We study the impact of the integration of women in U.S. policing between the late 1970s and early 1990s on violent crime reporting and domestic violence (DV). Along these two key dimensions, we find that female officers improved police quality. Crime victimization data reveal that as female representation increases among officers in an area, violent crimes against women in that area, and especially DV, are reported to the police at significantly higher rates. There are no such effects for violent crimes against men or from increases in the female share of civilian police employees. Furthermore, increases in female officer shares are followed by significant declines in rates of intimate partner homicide and non-fatal domestic abuse. These effects are all consistent between fixed effects models with controls for economic and policy variables and models that focus exclusively on increases in female police employment driven by externally imposed affirmative action plans following litigation for employment discrimination.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"681 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116109306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unintended Consequences of Enforcement in Illicit Markets","authors":"J. Prieger, Jonathan Kulick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2467898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2467898","url":null,"abstract":"Legal enforcement of bans on goods can reduce the size of the black market but lead to greater violence by increasing revenue in the illicit market. However, the link between enforcement and violence is not as simple as is suggested by the textbook model, even for a competitive market. Nevertheless, under plausible assumptions more enforcement on trafficking in the illicit good leads to more violence.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":" 27","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132041885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prison Boom and the Lack of Black Progress after Smith and Welch","authors":"Derek A. Neal, A. Rick","doi":"10.3386/W20283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W20283","url":null,"abstract":"More than two decades ago, Smith and Welch (1989) used the 1940 through 1980 census files to document important relative black progress. However, recent data indicate that this progress did not continue, at least among men. The growth of incarceration rates among black men in recent decades combined with the sharp drop in black employment rates during the Great Recession have left most black men in a position relative to white men that is really no better than the position they occupied only a few years after the Civil Rights Act of 1965. A move toward more punitive treatment of arrested offenders drove prison growth in recent decades, and this trend is evident among arrested offenders in every major crime category. Changes in the severity of corrections policies have had a much larger impact on black communities than white communities because arrest rates have historically been much greater for blacks than whites.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125228808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liberal but Not Stupid: Meeting the Promise of Downsizing Prisons","authors":"Joan R. Petersilia, F. Cullen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2458024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2458024","url":null,"abstract":"A confluence of factors — a perfect storm — interfered with the intractable rise of imprisonment and contributed to the emergence of a new sensibility defining continued mass imprisonment as non-sustainable. In this context, reducing America’s prisons has materialized as a viable possibility. For progressives who have long called for restraint in the use of incarceration, the challenge is whether the promise of downsizing can be met. The failure of past reforms aimed at decarceration stand as a sobering reminder that good intentions do not easily translate into good results. Further, a number of other reasons exist for why meaningful downsizing might well fail (e.g., the enormous scale of imprisonment that must be confronted, limited mechanisms available to release inmates, lack of quality alternative programs). Still, reasons also exist for optimism, the most important of which is the waning legitimacy of the paradigm of mass incarceration, which has produced efforts to lower inmate populations and close institutions in various states. The issue of downsizing will also remain at the forefront of correctional discourse because of the court-ordered reduction in imprisonment in California. This experiment is ongoing, but is revealing the difficulty of downsizing; the initiative appears to be producing mixed results (e.g., reductions in the state’s prison population but increased in local jail populations). In the end, successful downsizing must be “liberal but not stupid.” Thus, reform efforts must be guided not only by progressive values but also by a clear reliance on scientific knowledge about corrections and on a willingness to address the pragmatic issues that can thwart good intentions. Ultimately, a “criminology of downsizing” must be developed to foster effective policy interventions.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}