M. Bembenek, J. Krawczyk, K. Zagórski, Janek J. Pawlik
{"title":"ON THE WEAR MECHANISM OF HIGH-CHROMIUM GYRATORYCRUSHER MANTLE LINING IN TERMS OF THE ASSESSMENTOF THE USED MATERIAL","authors":"M. Bembenek, J. Krawczyk, K. Zagórski, Janek J. Pawlik","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2931","url":null,"abstract":"After the rock is excavated in bulky chunks, it must be processed into fractions usable by diverse branches ofindustry. There are many approaches to achieving a fine aggregate, and the gyratory crusher is often preferable.Alas, since its working surfaces are subjected to heavy loads of abrasive material, the lining of the gyratorycrusher is prone to specific geometry degeneration mechanisms. The authors subjected the mantle lining to aseries of tests, such as metallurgical microstructure analysis, chemical composition and hardness evaluationand X-ray examination. Although most mantles are manufactured from the high-manganese Hadfield steelfamily, the lining was fabricated from high-chromium hypoeutectic white cast steel with a white iron structure.The difference in the chosen material's chemical composition resulted in an uncommon wear mechanism withvisible inclined craters emerging in the lower part of the cone, where erosive, dynamically-moving particleswere concentrated.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73556397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE WEAR OF AN FE-AL ALLOYTURBOCHARGER ROTOR SEAL RING UNDER SELECTEDOPERATING CONDITIONS","authors":"H. Bakowski, J. Cebulski, J. Ćwiek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2930","url":null,"abstract":"This publication presents the possibility of extending the service life of the rotor shaft seal ring in an automotiveturbocharger by using an intermetallic Al-Fe alloy. Comprehensive results of tribological, metallographic andprofilometric tests of this alloy (vacuum cast) operating in a sliding association on a T-05 bench allowedthe representation of a real friction node. Based on empirical tests, it will be possible to determine whichalloy (Al-Fe alloy or the one currently used for sealing rings of a car turbocharger rotor shaft) has bettertribological properties. For this purpose, the research was based on an experiment that assumes three mainfactors determining the wear of the tested association. The result of the experimental plan was to obtain threedimensionaldiagrams showing the influence of the wear factors on the friction force and surface topography.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79272606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON THE ABRASIVEWEAR OF HIGH-STRENGTH, MARTENSITIC BORON STEELHARDOX EXTREME","authors":"Martyna Zemlik, Ł. Konat, D. Grygier","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2937","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the microstructural and wear aspects of high-strength, martensitic boron steel HardoxExtreme. It is characterised by a hardness well in excess of 600 HBW and a static tensile strength Rm over2000 MPa, which provides high resistance under abrasive wear conditions. However, such high mechanicalproperties reduce the steel's ductility parameters, including impact strength, elongation and area reduction.Examples of components exposed to abrasive wear, including ploughshares, cultivator teeth, excavatorbuckets or chutes, also require satisfactory resistance to impact wear. Subjecting Hardox Extreme steel totempering treatments can enhance its performance characteristics by increasing its plastic properties whilemaintaining satisfactory mechanical indices. Therefore, it was decided to study the tribological properties ofHardox Extreme steel after stress-relieving and low-temperature tempering treatments. In the course of thework carried out, it was shown that with a reduction in hardness from 644 HBW to 508 HBW, it is possibleto achieve satisfactory wear indices. The value of the coefficient of relative abrasion resistance kb is equal to1.36 1.12, respectively, for the as-delivered condition and after tempering treatments at 250 C.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"524 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80130098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AN IMPROVED APPROACH IN THE APPLICATIONOF AN ELASTIC-PLASTIC CONTACT FORCE MODELIN THE MODELLING OF MULTIPLE IMPACTS","authors":"M. Warzecha, R. Grzejda","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2936","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the modelling of a simultaneous multiple collision occurring between several bodies ofa kinematic chain. An algorithm is proposed that when used with an elastoplastic contact model, allows thephenomena that can occur during a multiple-body collision to be taken into account. These phenomena includethe transition of the collision state from the restitution phase directly to the compression phase or successivecollisions occurring along the same normal. The proposed algorithm can be used with any elastoplastic contactmodel. This paper presents its use with a selected model in a three-body system. Numerical calculations basedon the model have been verified using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The use of the proposed improvedapproach reduces the post-collision velocity prediction error by 2.34% compared to the baseline descriptionof collisions known from the literature.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84178686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHARACTERISATION OF MICROMECHANICALAND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM GRADE 2AFTER CYCLIC OXIDATION","authors":"K. Aniołek, A. Barylski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.2929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2929","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the characterisation of micromechanical and tribological properties of titanium Grade2 before and after cyclic oxidation. The oxidation process was carried out at temperatures of 600C, 650Cand 700C in 4 and 12 cycles. Microscopic studies showed that oxide particle size increased with increasingoxidation temperature and the number of cycles. Titanium Grade 2 showed up to 3 times higher hardnessafter cyclic oxidation. The highest hardness (8.4 GPa) was obtained after 12 cycles of titanium oxidation at650C. Tribological tests were conducted in pairs with different materials (Al2O3, ZrO2, bearing steel 100Cr6).The presence of oxide layers obtained on the titanium surface resulted in a significant reduction in specificwear rate. Titanium Grade 2 showed the best resistance to sliding wear after cyclic oxidation at 600C duringsliding interaction with ZrO2 and 100Cr6 balls (unmeasurable wear under assumed test conditions). In theother test variants, the reduction in wear ranged from 37 to 96%.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88955662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of silicon on the tribological performance of Al-based automotive alloys and the effect of used motor oil","authors":"S. Kaiser, A. Khan","doi":"10.30678/fjt.120669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30678/fjt.120669","url":null,"abstract":"A wear test in a used motor oil sliding environment was performed on Al-based automotive alloys with Silicon doped in various levels. Where a pin-on-disc wear testing equipment was used at a normal pressure of 1.53 MPa and a sliding speed of 0.51 m/s, kept constant. For comparison of the wear performance, dry and fresh motor oil sliding environments were also considered. The results showed that as silicon content was increased in the alloys, the wear rate decreased up to the eutectic composition, followed by an increase for all the environments. It was mainly for higher levels of Si-rich intermetallic Mg2Si precipitates in the α-aluminum matrix and made the alloys’ strength superior, in addition to increased wear resistance. In the post eutectic composition, primary silicon particles which are coarse and polyhedral appeared weakening the matrix. The coefficient of friction also decreased because of the higher hardness and the Si particles' employment as solid lubricants. In a dry environment, the wear rate and friction coefficient were much greater for their direct contact but lower under motor oil due to the reduced roughness caused by the sealing effects of the contact surfaces. Conversely, in oil environment, the opposite phenomenon was observed where a higher coefficient of friction was added to the alloy because the oil formed a thin film working as a lubricant between the contact surfaces which controlled the wear properties. Used oil demonstrates some degree of higher wear rate along with friction coefficient due to heavy and harmful chemical compounds in it. Examined by optical microscopy and SEM analysis, worn surfaces have shown that Si added alloy improved wear resistance through mild and smooth abrasive grooves filled with oxides in dry sliding conditions. In case of oil sliding environment smooth surfaces are created by the resistance of the oil film to the direct contact between the surfaces.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42558434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of reinforcement grain size and concentration on the physicomechanical properties of green automotive brakepads from waste cowhorns and rockshells","authors":"C. Ossia, Caleb Oguzie, Joshua Evuetapha","doi":"10.30678/fjt.112690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30678/fjt.112690","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the development and characterization of green automotive brakepads using cowhorn (CH) and Rockshell (Thias Coronata L.) (R) as reinforcement material in full factorial experiments. The brakepads were produced by compression moulding at 220.73N using epoxy resin binder, CaCO3 fillers, Diethylenetriamine hardener, colourless methyl-ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) catalyst, carbon black friction modifier, with copper and iron fillings as thermal conductivity additives. Three levels of particle grain sizes 125, 250, 500µm were produced from each material. Hybrid CHR samples were also produced with same grain sizes. The density, hardness, and compressive strength properties were observed to reduce with increase in grain size while liquid absorption increased with increase in grain size. Impregnating the reinforcement materials with increasing concentration of R-particles improved the hardness, compressive strength and liquid absorption but decreased the friction coefficient. The R-samples performed best among all in liquid absorption, except for oil absorption where the commercial (control) sample surpassed it. EDX spectroscopy results showed presence of antimony and vanadium toxic heavy metals in the control sample unlike the developed brakepads. All properties measured exhibited multivariate quadratic regression models with good fitness of R2-values, 0.8438 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9976, and significance-F values, 0.000398 ≤ significance F. ≤ 0.18101. All response surfaces showed best performance with R-concentration of 80 – 100% and 125 – 250µm grain size ranges. Hence, reinforcements of cowhorn and rockshell particles with concentration and grain sizes above can be used to develop brakepads with properties superior to the toxic control brakepads.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43278924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Haiko, K. Valtonen, A. Kaijalainen, V. Javaheri, J. Kömi
{"title":"High-stress abrasive wear characteristics of ultra-high strength press-hardening steel","authors":"O. Haiko, K. Valtonen, A. Kaijalainen, V. Javaheri, J. Kömi","doi":"10.30678/fjt.122836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30678/fjt.122836","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-high strength steels are widely utilized in many applications operating in harsh abrasive wear conditions. For instance, the machineries used in mining and mineral handling or in agricultural sector require robust, but cost-effective wear-resistant materials. Steels provide excellent combination of mechanical properties and usability. This study encompasses mechanical and wear testing of an experimental medium-carbon press-hardening steel. The as-received material was austenitized at two different temperatures and quenched in water. Additionally, low-temperature tempering was applied for one variant. In total, three variants of the press-hardening steel were produced. Microstructural characterization and mechanical testing were conducted for the steel samples. The wear testing was carried out with high-stress abrasive method, in which the samples were rotated inside a crushed granite bed. A commercial 400 HB grade wear-resistant steel was included in the wear testing as a reference. The experimental steel showed very high mechanical properties reaching tensile strength up to 2600 MPa with hardness of 750 HV10. Wear testing resulted in only minimal differences between the three variants indicating that the improved impact toughness by tempering did not significantly affect the wear resistance. The reference steel had nearly two times greater mass loss compared to the higher hardness press-hardening steels. Microhardness measurements on the worn surface showed drastic increase in hardness for the deformed structure for all samples. It was concluded that even the high-hardness martensitic steels exhibit notable wear surface work-hardening. Therefore, hardness was determined to be the most significant factor affecting the wear performance of studied steels.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48772957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of micro boron carbide particles on microstructure, mechanical properties, and dry sliding wear strength of an aluminium Al2214-B4Cp metal matrix composite","authors":"R. K, S. R","doi":"10.30678/fjt.120613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30678/fjt.120613","url":null,"abstract":"In this experimental research, an attempt is made to develop Al2214-B4Cp composite materials with reinforcement of micro boron carbide (B4Cp) (viz. 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 wt.%) by using a novel liquid metallurgical stir casting technique with modified bottom pouring facilities and studying the microstructure, physical, mechanical, and dry sliding wear resistance responses. The microstructure of Al2214-B4Cp composite samples with varied boron carbide weight percentages was examined under an electronic scanning microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) device. The physical characteristics like density and porosity, mechanical strength, such as micro and macro hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strength, and sliding wear response were examined under variable experimental conditions. The experimental results of the Al2214-B4Cp composite revealed a decreased specific density with an increased weight percentage of boron carbide (B4Cp) particulate in the matrix and a homogeneous distribution of reinforced micro boron carbide (B4Cp) particles in the Al2214 matrix. There was an appreciable improvement in mechanical properties and wear strength in composite materials as compared to an unreinforced aluminium alloy.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41643653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Govindraj Sannellappanavar, Ellen Bergseth, Eva Lundberg
{"title":"Towards real time automated early gear failure detection","authors":"Govindraj Sannellappanavar, Ellen Bergseth, Eva Lundberg","doi":"10.30678/fjt.121710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30678/fjt.121710","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to stop a gear fatigue test before catastrophic failure has many advantages. However, today, a widely accepted approach is not available. This case study applies a vibration-based condition monitoring methodology to detect early gear failures. The gear studied takes part in an all-wheel-drive drivetrain system. Vibration signals from four run-to-failure fatigue tests at two constant torque-speed combinations were used as input to time-synchronous averaging and autoregression model generation. The applied methodology shows promising results for early failure detection, and the process is feasible for implementation in an automated environment. Real time analysis is also possible since the autoregression model generates a healthy state TSA signal during the early testing stages. However, the time to failure detection varies with operating conditions, with low sensitivity at high-speed and low-torque conditions.","PeriodicalId":35004,"journal":{"name":"Tribologia: Finnish Journal of Tribology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47079631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}