ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"مدخل اجتماعي لمشكلة الفقر (Socioeconomic Approach to Poverty in Developing Countries)","authors":"Issam A.W. Mohamed, Altigani Mustafa Mohamed Saleh","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2662395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2662395","url":null,"abstract":"Arabic Abstract: الفقر ظاهرة متفشية يعاني منها كثير من سكان العالم بما في ذلك مواطني بعض الدول الصناعية الكبرى في أوربا. إلا ان سطوة المدرسة الوظيفية وسيادة الفكر الرأسمالي الليبرالي في دول الشمال الغنية حالتا دون بروزها كمشكلة ولم تظهر إلى السطح إلا مؤخرا.على الرغم من أنه ليس هنالك اتفاق عام حول مفهوم الفقر وتعريفه وطرق وقياسه، اتضح أن أنسب أسلوب لقياسه هو التعرف على عدد السكان الذين هم تحت خط الفقر كنسبة مئوية من العدد الكلي للسكان سواء على المستوى المحلي أو القومي أو الريفي أو الحضري وهو الأسلوب الذي تعتمده الأمم المتحدة في تقاريرها.استعرضت الدراسة أنواع الفقر، وتطرقت للأسباب التي حالت دون إيلاء الحكومات الوطنية التي تعاقبت على السلطة بعد الاستقلال في الدول النامية الاهتمام بموضوع الفقر، وحاولت الاجابة على بعض التساؤلات، وخلصت إلى نتيجة أن النظريات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية السائدة في الغرب لم تأت من فراغ، وإنما استجابة لدوافع اجتماعية وبيئة طبيعية معينة. وأن نماذج التنمية التي انتهجتها الدول الغربية تعد تجربة إنسانية تستحق التقدير إلا ان محاولة استيرادها بحذافيرها إلى الدول النامية كالسودان دون تكييفها مع الواقع لا تؤدي إلا إلى الفشل.لذلك تبرز أهمية استلهام هذه الدول نظم فكرية وسياسات بديلة تتسق مع الموروث الثقافي والمعتقدات الدينية لمواطنيها تم الحصول على بيانات هذه الدراسة من خلال أدبيات المجال والاطلاع على الاستراتيجيات القطرية لمكافحة الفقر، السمنارات وحلقات النقاش والمكتبة، وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي لتحليل مادة البحث.English Abstract: Poverty is a worldwide Phenomenon. Many people including some from the great industrial countries in Europe suffer from it. It is the overruling functionalism theory and the outstanding liberal capitalism economic development model adopted by the affluent countries in the west is embedded in its emergence as a problem recently.Though there is no general agreement on the concept of poverty, its definition and measurement technique, the most expedient definition is the one which counts the number of those below the poverty line as % from the total population number in the local, national, rural and urban community. This is also the definition consolidated by the UN in its reports.The paper examined the types of poverty and pin- pointed the factors which hindered the consecutive national governments in the least developed countries after independence not to pay heed to poverty as a problem. The paper answered some quires being raised and concluded that the socioeconomic theories adopted in the west did not come out of the blue but as a response to a particular social milieu and natural environment and that the development modalities applied in the western countries deserve due respect as human experiences but any attempt to transplant them to the developing countries like the Sudan without being adjusted will doom failure. Hence those countries which plan to combat poverty should seek other schools of thought and adopt alternative policies that coincide with the cultural moors and religious beliefs of their natives.Lastly data has been collected through the relevant literature, workshops, seminars, and ","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Polity' Human Development Indices","authors":"E. Zambrano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2515787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2515787","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I develop a normative framework for the design of a measure of human development that contains the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) as a special case. The methodology allows for the collection of information from the public about what tradeoffs between the core variables one ought to find acceptable in the determination of the index while remaining broadly in line with what the HDI wishes to measure: human development and capabilities, as conceptualized by Sen (1985).","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123857471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raising Consumption Through India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme","authors":"Nayana Bose","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2635553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635553","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the world's largest public works programs aimed at reducing poverty. NREGS guarantees up to a hundred days of employment in public works to rural households that demand work under the program. This is one of the first papers to analyze the impact of NREGS on household wellbeing by focusing on household consumption using national-level data. By focusing on consumption, I am able to assess whether and how household use the program to improve their living standards. I exploit the cross-district rollout of the program to analyze the causal effect on household consumption. Using the Consumption Expenditure Survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization, I conduct a difference-in-difference analysis where the treatment group consists of households in 184 early implementation districts and the control group consists of households in 209 late implementation districts. I find that the program significantly increased household per capita consumption between 6.5% and 10%. For the marginalized caste group, the program increased consumption by around 12%. Therefore, historical and ongoing discrimination along with other barriers to entry have not prevented this group from benefiting from the program. I further assess the impact on household budget allocation by focusing on various consumption categories. I find that households move toward the higher caloric and more nutritional items, like protein. Finally, for households with children there was significantly greater spending on “child goods” like milk, while in households without children spending on alcohol increased.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114595887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Value Chains, Rising Power Firms and Economic and Social Upgrading","authors":"Joonkoo Lee, G. Gereffi","doi":"10.1108/CPOIB-03-2014-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/CPOIB-03-2014-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the global value chain (GVC) approach to understand the relationship between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the changing patterns of global trade, investment and production, and its impact on economic and social upgrading. It aims to illuminate how GVCs can advance our understanding about MNEs and rising power (RP) firms and their impact on economic and social upgrading in fragmented and dispersed global production systems. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the GVC literature focusing on two conceptual elements of the GVC approach, governance and upgrading, and highlights three key recent developments in GVCs: concentration, regionalization and synergistic governance. Findings – The paper underscores the complicated role of GVCs in shaping economic and social upgrading for emerging economies, RP firms and developing country firms in general. Rising geographic and organizational concentration in GVCs leads to the uneven distribution of...","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123426554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the United States Still the Best Country in the World? Think Again","authors":"Hershey H. Friedman, Sarah Hertz","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2622722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2622722","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the rankings of the United States in key areas so that people can see for themselves how well the country is actually doing. Areas examined include: percentage of people living below the poverty line, children living in poverty, income inequality, median wealth per adult, happiness, GDP per capita, Corruption Perception Index, quality of education and health, democracy ranking, size of prison population, and stability as a nation. Sadly, the United States does poorly on many of the above measures. The 2015 Social Progress Index, which considers 52 different measures, ranks the United States 16th out of 133 countries. It is hoped that examination of the above statistics will make people aware of how much needs to be done if the United States wants to remain a world power.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127457342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-Economic and Educational Status of Tribal (Gujjar and Bakarwal) of Jammu and Kashmir: An Overview","authors":"Dr. Israr Ahmed, Jameel Ahmed","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3139413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3139413","url":null,"abstract":"Gujjar and Bakarwal are the third largest ethnic group in Jammu and Kashmir constitute more than 11.9% of the total population of the state (Census, 2011); scheduled tribe is the only community in the state which maintain its culture and heritage throughout the ages. Various studies and reports indicate that socio-economic and educational status of Gujjar and Bakarwal in Jammu and Kashmir is not at all satisfactory. In this paper an attempt was made to examine the socio-economic and educational life of tribal in general and Gujjar and Bakarwal in particular. This paper is based on secondary sources i.e. population census of India 2001 and 2011, various Journals, Articles, Books and Reports etc. Results have indicated that literacy rate among the Gujjars was 31.65 % and Bakarwals was 22.51% with a total 55.52% of the General population of the state as per 2001 census.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124028500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Political Economy of Social Protection Expansion in Africa: At the Intersection of Transnational Ideas and Domestic Politics","authors":"T. Lavers, S. Hickey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2598114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2598114","url":null,"abstract":"The growing literature on social protection in Africa has tended to focus on conceptual debates, policy design issues and impact evaluations. To date, there has been relatively little systematic analysis of the ways in which politics and political economy shape policy. This paper outlines a conceptual and methodological framework for investigating the politics of social protection, with a particular focus on explaining the variation in progress made by African countries in adopting and implementing social protection programmes. We propose that an adapted ‘political settlements’ framework that incorporates insights from the literatures on the politics of welfare state development and discursive institutionalism can help frame elite commitment to social protection as an outcome of the interaction of domestic political economy and transnational ideas. This approach has the advantage of situating social protection within a broader policy context, as well as highlighting the influence of underlying power relations in society. Finally, the paper suggests a research methodology that can be employed to operationalise this approach, with a particular focus on process tracing and comparative case study research.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134619746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Institutions and Return Predictability in Oil-Exporting Countries","authors":"Sirio Aramonte, Mohammad R. Jahan-Parvar, Justin K. Shugarman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2590364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2590364","url":null,"abstract":"We study whether stock market returns in oil-exporting countries can be predicted by oil price changes, and we investigate the link between predictability and the quality of each country's institutions. Returns are predictable for half the countries we consider, and predictability is stronger when institutional quality is lower. We argue that the relation between predictability and institutional quality reflects the preference of countries with weaker institutions to consume oil windfalls locally rather than smooth out the impact of windfalls by, for instance, investing the proceeds through a sovereign wealth fund.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129746886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Social Security of Unorganized Workers -- With Special Reference to India","authors":"Sujita Kumar Kar","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2559656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2559656","url":null,"abstract":"“Social Security” is very wide term and today it has acquired a global character. Social Security means that Government, which is the symbol and representative of society, is responsible for fixing a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. The man’s quest for the protection from the natural hazards, socio-economic insecurity is the base of the development of social security concept. With the industrial revolution a new class of ‘workers’ emerged, who were totally dependent on the wages and allowance for their existence. Sometime they were subject to exploitation by the employers in the industries. Since then the workers were in quest for the social security. The history of social security in the form of social insurance and social assistance begins in the Europe the 19th Century and these are the Germany, USA, Britain and France where it is started first. Germany is the first state in the world which adopted the old age social insurance scheme in the year 1889 during the period of Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck. In order to keep the wellbeing of the workers and efficiency of the German economy Chancellor Bismarck was motivated to undertake the social insurance scheme as propounded by the Emperor William the First. It is also to be noted that the social insurance is one part of the social security. In reality the social security plan was coming into being in USA in the year 1935 but there was one precursor which would be called as the social security as provided to the disabled veterans, widows and children of the deceased in the Civil War in USA. That led then America to undertake the pension programme. In the international scenario there was “Social Assistance” provided by the professional organizations to their members in the middle age in France. Such “Social Assistance” was a form of now-a-days “Social Security” concept. But this system comes to an end in the year 1791 with the abolition of corporation by the “Allarde Decree”. The realization of the social security was started with French revolution whereby the rights of men proclaimed and later on it was adopted into the preamble of the French Constitution. In the year 1919 just after the World War First the ILO was formed in accordance with the provisions of the Versailles treaty. The treaty provided for the right to social security of the working class. In the year 1944 along with the other countries the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted a declaration covering the extent of the measures of the social security for the working class. WTO is rather strong than ILO in respect to operation of labour standard in the international level. Since its inception in the 1994 it has the real authority to enforce the labour standards by virtue of trade section. The main object of the WTO is to reduce customs, tariffs and like other obstruction for the free export and import of goods, services and capital between its member states. Hence very aim and object of the WTO puts question re","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131530368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief Clarification to the Questionable Economics of Foreign Aid for Inclusive Human Development","authors":"S. Asongu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2541220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2541220","url":null,"abstract":"The study clarifies the questionable economics of foreign aid for inclusive human development. It investigates the effect of a plethora of foreign aid dynamics on the inequality adjusted human development index. Contemporary and non-contemporary OLS, Fixed-effects and a system GMM technique with forward orthogonal deviations are employed. The empirical evidence is based on a sample of 53 African countries for the period 2005-2012. The following findings are established. First, the impacts of aid dynamics with high degrees of substitution are positive. These include, aid for: social infrastructure, economic infrastructure, the productive sector and the multi-sector. Second, the effect of humanitarian assistance is consistently negative across specifications and models. Third, the effects of programme assistance and action on debts are ambiguous because they become positive with the GMM technique. Justifications for these changes and clarifications with respect to existing literature are provided. Policy implications are discussed in light of Piketty’s celebrated literature and the post-2015 development agenda. We also provide some recommendations for a rethinking of theories and models on which development assistance is based.","PeriodicalId":350026,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Human Development in Developing Economies (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127785455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}