{"title":"Leibniz and the First Law of Thermodynamics","authors":"Kateřina Lochmanová","doi":"10.46938/tv.2024.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2024.619","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the German philosopher G. W. Leibniz as a key precursor of the First Law of Thermodynamics. In this way, Leibniz tried to oppose Newton, who seems to have completely rejected the First Law of Thermodynamics, while at the same time remarkably anticipating the Second. Based on his polemics not only with Newton, from whose Laws of Motion thermodynamics originates, and with his advocate Samuel Clarke, but also with René Descartes, whose conception Leibniz partially followed, Leibnizʼs reasoning turns out to be the most convincing. It is certainly no coincidence that the later founders of thermodynamics frequently acknowledged him.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"7 39","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vývoj a interpretace pojmu pravděpodobnost","authors":"František Mošna","doi":"10.46938/tv.2024.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2024.613","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"56 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zjednodušující předpoklady v nekauzálních vysvětleních","authors":"Martin Zach, Lukáš H. Zámečník","doi":"10.46938/tv.2024.615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2024.615","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific knowledge relies heavily on models, shaped by simplifying assumptions, with common categories being abstraction and idealization. This article aims to expose conceptual challenges inherent in conventional interpretations of these concepts, particularly in their practical application to scientific modeling. The primary hurdle emerges in applying these categories to realworld instances of scientific modeling, which we illustrate with examples of noncausal explanations. Key issues revolve around (i) the ambiguous distinction between abstraction and idealization and (ii) the application of the simplifying assumption of abstraction. Our hypothesis posits that noncausal explanations face unintelligibility due to an unclear understanding of the role of simplifying assumptions in them. To test this, we analyze selected examples, ranging from (toy)examples to realworld instances, scrutinizing the alignment with the standard notions of abstraction and idealization. Throughout, we investigate the influence of simplifying assumptions on these explanations, assessing their adherence or deviation from conventional concepts.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139623809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Critical Contextual Empiricism and the Politics of Knowledge","authors":"M. Sample","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.607","url":null,"abstract":"What are philosophers doing when they prescribe a particular epistemology for science? According to science and technology studies, the answer to this question implicates both knowledge and politics, even when the latter is hidden. Exploring this dynamic via a specific case, I argue that Longino’s “critical contextual empiricism” ultimately relies on a form of political liberalism. Her choice to nevertheless foreground epistemological concerns can be clarified by considering historical relationships between science and society, as well as the culture of academic philosophy. This example, I conclude, challenges philosophers of science to consider the political ideals and accountability entailed by their prescribed knowledge practices.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"300 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139256164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vstříc vědecké metafyzice","authors":"Lukáš H. Zámečník","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.567","url":null,"abstract":"The review article reflects on Vladimír Havlík’s book Hierarchical Emergent Ontology and the Universal Principle of Emergence (Filosofia, 2021). It notes the key argumentative procedures and implications of the author’s arguments. It evaluates the various elements of hierarchical emergent ontology and compares them with classical proponents and critics of emergentism, especially Paul Humphreys and Jaegwon Kim. The study reconstructs Havlík’s universal principle of emergence and notes its application in selected scientific fields (fermions, cellular automata and neural networks). It takes a polemical approach to the advocated concept of scientific metaphysics.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123332083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transformation of the Academy of Sciences: From Science in Society to the Responsible Science for Society","authors":"A. Filáček","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.544","url":null,"abstract":"The radical changes in the 1990s, including the more or less steep decrease in its financing, initiated major reforms of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS). The differences between the CAS and the other RD sectors consisted in the extent of financial threats posed to them and in coping strategies, personnel reductions, forms of institutional transformation, support of basic and applied research, engagement of business and enterprise sector in research activities, and new patterns of international collaboration in research. The transition process involves more stages; its developments up to now have resulted not only in institutional changes, plurality of financial sources, new methodology and procedures of science assessment, but also in the contemporary goal-directed programme “Strategy CAS21 - Top Research in the Public Interest”. This new concept addresses ideas of what are called “Responsible Research and Innovation” and “Science for Society”.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131495186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Perspective on Perspectivism","authors":"W. Outhwaite","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.575","url":null,"abstract":"Book review:Smith, Kenneth. Perspectivism. A Contribution to the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. London: Routledge, 2022. 320 pages.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131903688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kontroverzní Jungkův bestseller Jasnější než tisíc sluncí a nacistický uranový výzkum","authors":"Filip Grygar","doi":"10.46938/tv.2022.561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2022.561","url":null,"abstract":"The essay deals with Nazi uranium research in the context of Jungkʼs bestseller Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (1956). The first part of the article introduces the reader to Jungk himself, as well as to the historical-political context that crucially influenced his moralising positions in favour of the German uranium scientists (they did not build nuclear weapons for Hitler) and at the same time against the Allied scientists (they built nuclear weapons and used them). Based on historical sources (gradually made available since the 1970s), the second part of the study discusses the Nazi Uranium Clubʼs efforts to produce a uranium reactor and nuclear weapons. German scientists worked for the Nazi regime voluntarily and intensively and were fascinated by the research. The third part reveals the origins of the post-war legend of the supposedly innocent German scientists, their decades-long alibism, and the criticism of Jungkʼs bestseller by the Allied command, the scientists, and eventually Jungk himself, who put faith in the interviews in which German scientsts proclaimed their activities had been nothing but peaceful.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"22 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129565513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Konečně o nekonečnu. Leibnizův dialog Pacidius Philalethi vychází v českém překladu","authors":"Jitka Kadlečíková","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.560","url":null,"abstract":"Book review:Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Pacidius Philalethi – Pacidius Philalethovi. Přeložil Jan Makovský. Praha: Oikoymenh, 2019. 341 stran.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115418683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Přemýšlet o věcech různými způsoby: Rozhovor s Hasokem Changem","authors":"Hasok Chang, Patrik Čermák","doi":"10.46938/tv.2023.568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46938/tv.2023.568","url":null,"abstract":"An interview with Hasok Chang, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the publication of his book Is Water H2O?, which won the Fernando Gil International Prize for the Philosophy of Science. So far, the last work of prof. Changa is a book of Realism for Realistic People. A New Pragmatist Philosophy of Science, published in late 2022 by Cambridge University Press.","PeriodicalId":349992,"journal":{"name":"Teorie vědy / Theory of Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
