World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)最新文献_第4页

Product Market Regulation in Romania: A Comparison with OECD Countries 罗马尼亚产品市场监管:与经合组织国家的比较

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2007-11-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4402

M. Fay, Donato De Rosa, C. Pauna

引用次数: 10

Ideas and Innovation in East Asia 东亚的思想与创新

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2007-11-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKP017

M. Brahmbhatt, Albert G Z Hu

{"title":"Ideas and Innovation in East Asia","authors":"M. Brahmbhatt, Albert G Z Hu","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKP017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKP017","url":null,"abstract":"The generation, diffusion, absorption and application of new technology, knowledge or ideas are crucial drivers of development. This paper surveys the diverse approaches to innovation adopted by East Asian economies, the problems faced and outcomes achieved, as well as possible policy lessons. Knowledge flows from advanced countries remain the primary source of new ideas in developing economies. The authors evaluate the role of three main channels for knowledge flows to East Asia - international trade, acquisition of disembodied knowledge and foreign direct investment. The paper then looks at the exceptionally fast growth in domestic innovation efforts in Korea, Taiwan (China), Singapore and China, drawing on information about R&D as well as original analysis of patent and patent citation data. Citation analysis shows that while East Asian innovations continue to draw heavily on knowledge flows from the US and Japan, citations to the same or to other East Asian economies are quickly rising, indicating the emergence of national and regional knowledge stocks as a foundation for innovation. A last section pulls together findings about policies and institutions to foster innovation, under three heads: the overall business environment for innovation (macroeconomic stability, financial development, openness, competition, intellectual property rights and the quality of communications infrastructure), human capital development, and government fiscal support for innovation.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"4 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116826425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44

Governance Indicators: Where are We, Where Should We Be Going? 治理指标:我们在哪里，我们应该去哪里?

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2007-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/WBRO/LKM012

Daniel A. Kaufmann, Aart C. Kraay

{"title":"Governance Indicators: Where are We, Where Should We Be Going?","authors":"Daniel A. Kaufmann, Aart C. Kraay","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKM012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKM012","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars, policymakers, aid donors, and aid recipients acknowledge the importance of good governance for development. This understanding has spurred an intense interest in more refined, nuanced, and policy-relevant indicators of governance. In this paper we review progress to date in the area of measuring governance, using a simple framework of analysis focusing on two key questions: (i) what do we measure? and, (ii) whose views do we rely on? For the former question, we distinguish between indicators measuring formal laws or rules'on the books', and indicators that measure the practical application or outcomes of these rules'on the ground', calling attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both types of indicators as well as the complementarities between them. For the latter question, we distinguish between experts and survey respondents on whose views governance assessments are based, again highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and complementarities. We also review the merits of aggregate as opposed to individual governance indicators. We conclude with some simple principles to guide the refinement of existing governance indicators and the development of future indicators. We emphasize the need to: transparently disclose and account for the margins of error in all indicators; draw from a diversity of indicators and exploit complementarities among them; submit all indicators to rigorous public and academic scrutiny; and, in light of the lessons of over a decade of existing indicators, to be realistic in the expectations of future indicators.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115505604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 525

Absenteeism and Beyond: Instructional Time Loss and Consequences 旷课及其他:教学时间损失及后果

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2007-10-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4376

H. Abadzi

{"title":"Absenteeism and Beyond: Instructional Time Loss and Consequences","authors":"H. Abadzi","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4376","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that learning outcomes are related to the amount of time students engage in learning tasks. However, visits to schools have revealed that students are often taught for only a fraction of the intended time, particularly in lower-income countries. Losses are due to informal school closures, teacher absenteeism, delays, early departures, and sub-optimal use of time in the classroom. A study was undertaken to develop an efficient methodology for measuring instructional time loss. Thus, instructional time use was measured in sampled schools in Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, and the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The percentage of time that students were engaged in learning vis-a-vis government expectations was approximately 39 percent in Ghana, 63 percent in Pernambuco, 71 percent in Morocco, and 78 percent in Tunisia. Instructional time use is a mediator variable that is challenging to measure, so it often escapes scrutiny. Research suggests that merely financing the ingredients of instruction is not enough to produce learning outcomes; students must also get sufficient time to process the information. The quantity-quality tradeoff that often accompanies large-scale enrollments may be partly due to instructional time restrictions. Time wastage also distorts budgetary outlays and teacher salary rates. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals students must get more of the time that governments, donors, and parents pay for.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124551797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 121

Early Identification of At-Risk Youth in Latin America: An Application of Cluster Analysis 拉丁美洲风险青年的早期识别:聚类分析的应用

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2007-10-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4377

Emilie Bagby, W. Cunningham

{"title":"Early Identification of At-Risk Youth in Latin America: An Application of Cluster Analysis","authors":"Emilie Bagby, W. Cunningham","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4377","url":null,"abstract":"A new literature on the nature of and policies for youth in Latin America is emerging, but there is still very little known about who are the most vulnerable young people. This paper aims to characterize the heterogeneity in the youth population and identify ex ante the youth that are at-risk and should be targeted with prevention programs. Using non-parametric methodologies and specialized youth surveys from Mexico and Chile, the authors quantify and characterize the different sub-groups of youth, according to the amount of risk in their lives, and find that approximately 20 percent of 18 to 24 year old Chileans and 40 percent of the same age cohort in Mexico are suffering the consequences of a range of negative behaviors. Another 8 to 20 percent demonstrate factors in their lives that pre-dispose them to becoming at-risk youth - they are the candidates for prevention programs. The analysis finds two observable variables that can be used to identify which children have a higher probability of becoming troubled youth: poverty and residing in rural areas. The analysis also finds that risky behaviors increase with age and differ by gender, thereby highlighting the need for program and policy differentiation along these two demographic dimensions.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127284112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Would Federating Help? 印度小额信贷自助团体的可持续性:联邦制会有帮助吗?

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2005-02-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3516

Ajai Nair

{"title":"Sustainability of Microfinance Self Help Groups in India: Would Federating Help?","authors":"Ajai Nair","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-3516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3516","url":null,"abstract":"The major form of microfinance in India is that based on women's Self Help Groups (SHGs), which are small groups of 10-20 members. These groups collect savings from their members and provide loans to them. However, unlike most accumulating savings and credit associations (ASCAs) found in several countries, these groups also obtain loans from banks and on-lend them to their members. By 2003, over 700,000 groups had obtained over Rs.20 billion (US$425 million) in loans from banks benefiting more than 10 million people. Delinquencies on these loans are reported to be less than 5 percent. Savings in these groups is estimated to be at least Rs.8 billion (US$170 million). Despite these considerable achievements, sustainability of the SHGs has been suspect because several essential services required by the SHGs are provided free or at a significantly subsidized cost by organizations that have developed these groups. A few promoter organizations have, however, developed federations of SHGs that provide these services and others that SHG members need, but which SHGs cannot feasibly provide. Using a case study approach, Nair explores the merits and constraints of federating. Three SHG federations that provide a wide range of services are studied. The findings suggest that federations could help SHGs become institutionally and financially sustainable because they provide the economies of scale that reduce transaction costs and make the provision of these services viable. But their sustainability is constrained by several factors-both internal, related to the federations themselves, and external, related to the other stakeholders. The author concludes by recommending some actions to address these constraints.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129484392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 104

Environmental Determinants of Child Mortality in Rural China: A Competing Risks Approach 中国农村儿童死亡率的环境决定因素:一种竞争风险方法

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2004-03-12 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-3241

Hanan G. Jacoby, Limin Wang

引用次数: 30

The Demand for Commodity Insurance by Developing Country Agricultural Producers: Theory and an Application to Cocoa in Ghana 发展中国家农业生产者对商品保险的需求:理论及对加纳可可的应用

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2002-09-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2887

A. Sarris

{"title":"The Demand for Commodity Insurance by Developing Country Agricultural Producers: Theory and an Application to Cocoa in Ghana","authors":"A. Sarris","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-2887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2887","url":null,"abstract":"The author considers the benefit to agricultural producers of commodity price insurance that provides in every year-but in advance of the resolution of production and price uncertainty-a minimum price for a fixed or variable portion of production. Under the assumption that producers do not change their long term production and income diversification pattern, the author suggests a theoretical framework that leads to explicit formulas of the benefit in providing this type of insurance. He shows that this benefit depends not only on the actuarially fair insurance premium, but also on household-specific factors that depend on the attitudes to risk, the consumption smoothing parameters, and the household-specific exposures to income risks. The author applies the theoretical framework for Ghana, using the Ghana Living Standards Survey data to specify various classes of cocoa-producing households and monthly price data for both domestic and international prices, to formulate appropriate models for ascertaining price risks faced by producers. The author gives empirical estimates of the actuarially fair premium, and shows that they are smaller than market-based put option prices from organized exchanges. The overall benefit in providing minimum price insurance to households, however, turns out to be substantially higher than the actuarially fair premiums and the market-based put option prices. This is due to both the magnitude of the uncertainties facing the households, as well as their risk and consumption smoothing behavior.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115148352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44

A Little Engine that Could ... Domestic Private Companies and Vietnam's Pressing Need for Wage Employment 一个可以…国内私营企业与越南对工资就业的迫切需求

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2873

L. Steer, Markus Taussig

{"title":"A Little Engine that Could ... Domestic Private Companies and Vietnam's Pressing Need for Wage Employment","authors":"L. Steer, Markus Taussig","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-2873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2873","url":null,"abstract":"Vietnam's young private sector is growing fast. Crucial to this growth has been a policy environment that increasingly recognizes the importance of private entrepreneurship-particularly its potential to help address the country¹s pressing need for significantly increased wage employment creation. Expanding the benefits of private sector growth beyond urban centers out into the rural areas where most Vietnamese live-and where poverty and underemployment are heaviest-will require significantly increased information flows on what is working and what is not. This paper presents an objective picture of Vietnam's emerging private sector, two years after initial implementation of the country's much praised Enterprise Law. The country's private companies are significantly better off than they were just a couple years earlier, when regional economic recession and stagnation on domestic policy reforms had brought development of the formal private sector to a near standstill. At the same time, the sector's small base means that its impressive rates of job creation still fall far short of matching the booming growth of the overall work force. Information for this paper is based on data collected from Vietnam's General Office of Statistics, a small number of individual company case studies, and a national firm-level survey designed and implemented by the authors. Research for the paper revealed significant gaps in available private sector data and flaws in current data gathering methodologies-calling into question the ability of policy makers and advisors to understand rapid, ongoing economic developments and make appropriate and timely policy decisions. The authors hope that this paper can serve as a starting point and an impetus for more targeted research aimed at identifying and addressing specific obstacles to sustainable and broad based job and wealth creation.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129554359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

Land Institutions and Land Markets 土地制度与土地市场

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2014

G. Feder, K. Deininger

{"title":"Land Institutions and Land Markets","authors":"G. Feder, K. Deininger","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2014","url":null,"abstract":"In agrarian societies land serves as the main means not only for generating a livelihood but often also for accumulating wealth and transferring it between generations. How land rights are assigned therefore determines households' ability to generate subsistence and income, their social and economic status (and in many cases their collective identity), their incentive to exert nonobservable effort and make investments, and often their ability to access financial markets or to make arrangements for smoothing consumption and income. With imperfections in other markets, the institutions governing the allocation of land rights and the functioning of land markets will have implications for overall efficiency as well as equity. The authors examine how property rights in land evolve from a situation of land abundance. They discuss factors affecting the costs and benefits of individual land rights and highlight the implications of tenure security for investment incentives. They also review factors affecting participation in land sales and rental markets, particularly the characteristics of the agricultural production process, labor supervision cost, credit access, the risk characteristics of an individual's asset portfolio, and the transaction costs associated with market participation. These factors will affect land sales and rental markets differently. Removing obstacles to the smooth functioning of land rental markets and taking measures to enhance potential tenants' endowments and bargaining power can significantly increase both the welfare of the poor and the overall efficiency of resource allocation. Drawing on their conceptual discussion, the authors draw policy conclusions about the transition from communal to individual and more formal land rights, steps that might be taken to improve the functioning of land sales and rental markets, and the scope for redistributive land reform.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"59 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134471608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 360