World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)最新文献

Covid-19 and Food Protectionism: The Impact of the Pandemic and Export Restrictions on World Food Markets Covid-19 和粮食保护主义：大流行病和出口限制对世界粮食市场的影响

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9253

A. Espitia, N. Rocha, M. Ruta

引用次数: 62

Analyzing Flooding Impacts on Rural Access to Hospitals and Other Critical Services in Rural Cambodia Using Geo-Spatial Information and Network Analysis 利用地理空间信息和网络分析分析洪涝对柬埔寨农村地区获得医院和其他关键服务的影响

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9262

Xavier Espinet Alegre, Z. Stanton-Geddes, Sadig Aliyev

{"title":"Analyzing Flooding Impacts on Rural Access to Hospitals and Other Critical Services in Rural Cambodia Using Geo-Spatial Information and Network Analysis","authors":"Xavier Espinet Alegre, Z. Stanton-Geddes, Sadig Aliyev","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9262","url":null,"abstract":"Transport connectivity in Cambodia is challenged by its geography and exposure to recurrent flooding. Flood events create severe disruptions in segments of the transport network that undermine access to health, education, and work opportunities as well as create barriers to economic growth. Rural accessibility to emergency health facilities and delivery of medicines and basic food supplies is particularly critical in times of major health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. This paper provides a method to quantify the impact of flooding on hospital access and other critical facilities, aiming to support governments on setting up health emergency mitigation plans for rural transport in an environment with high flood risk. The method was piloted in three provinces in rural Cambodia, estimating that for 37 percent of the people on those provinces, it takes more than 60 minutes to reach an emergency health facility. During floods, 27 percent lose all access and 18 percent experience an increase of 30 minutes in travel time. In conclusion, this method introduces transparency and evidence-based support for prioritization of rural transport investment, identifies the social benefits (health and education) of rural infrastructure investments, and supports policy dialogue on rural development and resilience.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"475 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116188565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Paris Climate Agreement and the Global Economy: Winners and Losers 《巴黎气候协定》与全球经济:赢家和输家

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2018-04-02 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8392

Muthukumara S. Mani, Zekarias Hussein, G. Narayanan, Deepika Wadhwa

{"title":"Paris Climate Agreement and the Global Economy: Winners and Losers","authors":"Muthukumara S. Mani, Zekarias Hussein, G. Narayanan, Deepika Wadhwa","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8392","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement was the first instance of countries adhering to take a collective action against global warming. More than 190 countries came forward and submitted their contributions in the form of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, reflective of their ability and capacity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as each country set its own targets and actions. For some countries, it meant a significant decline in their emissions by 2030, while others, like China, the United States, and India, decided on a more gradual phasing out extending beyond 2030. This paper estimates the economic impacts of implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement in terms of its implications for welfare, gross domestic product, investments, and trade for major countries and regions. It uses a computable general equilibrium framework to model global, regional, and country impacts. The analysis suggests that the economic impacts will be mostly felt in the European Union if the Paris Agreement is fully implemented. The European Union is likely to suffer a welfare loss of 1.0 to 1.5 percent by 2030. Among non-European countries, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexico will also be affected, with an expected welfare loss of about 1.5 percent. Some of the major emitters, such as China and India, will experience minimal impacts to their welfare, and the United States will experience a welfare loss of only about 0.7 by 2030. The sectoral analysis of production and trade suggests a significant loss to fossil fuel–based sectors, while clean energy sectors can experience significant gains.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125110875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The Impact of Remittances on Rural Poverty and Inequality in China 汇款对中国农村贫困和不平等的影响

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4637

Xubei Luo

{"title":"The Impact of Remittances on Rural Poverty and Inequality in China","authors":"Xubei Luo","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4637","url":null,"abstract":"Large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in China. Migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income. This paper examines the impact of rural-to-urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in the case of Hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey. Since remittances are a potential substitute for farm income, the paper presents counterfactual scenarios of what rural income, poverty, and inequality would have been in the absence of migration. The results show that, by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture, migration leads to an increase in rural income. In contrast to many studies that suggest the increasing share of non-farm income in total income widens inequality, this paper offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons: (i) migration is rational self-selection - farmers with higher agricultural productivities choose to remain in local agricultural production while those with higher expected return in urban non-farm sectors migrate; (ii) poorer households facing binding constraints of land shortage are more likely to migrate; and (iii) the poorest poor benefit disproportionately from remittances.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122213156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 52

Global Poverty and Inequality: A Review of the Evidence 全球贫困与不平等:证据综述

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4623

Francisco H. G. Ferreira, M. Ravallion

引用次数: 167

The Impact of Price Subsidies on Child Health Care Use: Evaluation of the Indonesian Healthcard 价格补贴对儿童保健使用的影响:对印度尼西亚健康卡的评价

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-05-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4622

A. Somanathan

{"title":"The Impact of Price Subsidies on Child Health Care Use: Evaluation of the Indonesian Healthcard","authors":"A. Somanathan","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4622","url":null,"abstract":"Financial barriers to seeking care are frequently cited as one of the main causes of underutilization of child health care services. This paper estimates the impact of Indonesia's healthcard on health care use by children. Evaluation of the healthcard effect is complicated by the fact that card allocation was non-random. The analysis uses propensity score matching to control for systematic differences between treatment and control groups. A second potential source of bias is related to contemporaneous, exogenous influences on health care use unrelated to the healthcard itself. Using panel data collected prior to and after the introduction of the healthcard, a difference-in-differences estimator is constructed to eliminate the effects of exogenous changes over time. The author finds that although health care use declined for all children during the crisis years of 1997-2000, use of public sector outpatient services declined much less for children with healthcards. The protective effect of the healthcard on public sector use was concentrated among children aged 0-5 years. The healthcard had no significant impact on use of private sector services. The results highlight the need to provide adequate protection against the financial burden of health care costs, particularly during economic crises.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126308157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Earnings Inequality within and across Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Groups in Four Latin American Countries 拉丁美洲四个国家性别、种族和族裔群体内部和之间的收入不平等

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-04-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4591

W. Cunningham, J. Jacobsen

引用次数: 13

Long-Term Adaptation: Selecting Farm Types Across Agro-Ecological Zones in Africa 长期适应:选择非洲农业生态区的农场类型

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-04-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4602

S. Seo, R. Mendelsohn, A. Dinar, P. Kurukulasuriya, R. Hassan

引用次数: 16

A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol 《京都议定书》清洁发展机制下需求侧管理方案的一般均衡分析

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-03-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4563

G. Timilsina

{"title":"A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol","authors":"G. Timilsina","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4563","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131304293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Productivity Growth and Economic Reform: Evidence from Rwanda 生产率增长与经济改革:来自卢旺达的证据

World Bank: Rural Development (Topic) Pub Date : 2008-03-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4552

K. Coulibaly, Kene Ezemenari, Neal E. Duffy

{"title":"Productivity Growth and Economic Reform: Evidence from Rwanda","authors":"K. Coulibaly, Kene Ezemenari, Neal E. Duffy","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4552","url":null,"abstract":"Trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms are shown to have exerted a positive impact on the growth of total factor productivity in Rwanda during the period 1995-2003. Based on a constant returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function, this paper regresses total factor productivity on indices of trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms. The analysis determines that trade reforms and financial reforms each contributed positively to improvements in total factor productivity. The data also suggest that the allocation of official development assistance to human capital made a significant contribution to productivity. In contrast, the appreciation of the real exchange rate of the late 1980's hindered productivity or the growth of TFP. Taken together, the findings for Rwanda presented in this paper show that the strong growth of the past decade has not just been due to a\"bounce back\"effect following the genocide. The results support the notion that policies favorable to trade development, a deepening of the financial sector, and formation of human capital have been effective for increasing aggregate productivity of the economy and stimulating growth in Rwanda. For sustained growth, the Rwandan authorities should continue to build on these policies, while also taking care to maintain an appropriate exchange rate.","PeriodicalId":348271,"journal":{"name":"World Bank: Rural Development (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123274945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7