Istoricheskaia etnologiia最新文献

{"title":"Teaching the Tatar language in Kazan institutes of higher education in the 1920s: from Old Turkic written language to the Dalton plan","authors":"L. A. Bushueva","doi":"10.22378/he.2021-6-2.208-220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.208-220","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the process of the Tatar language teaching formation in Kazan institutes of higher education in the 1920s on the example of institutes in the Humanities sphere: the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute, the Eastern Academy and the Tatar National Branch of the Eastern Pedagogical Institute. The research is based on a wide range of unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan. The study examines the curriculum of the disciplines within which the Tatar language was studied, the teaching forms and methods, as well as the formation of a team of specialists who taught the language during that period. Special attention is given to the study of the socio-political conditions in which the Tatar language instruction developed. It has been established that in the first years of the Soviet regime, the Tatar language was taught in Kazan institutes mainly by orientalists. Therefore, teaching this subject was closely related to oriental studies and source studies disciplines. Students mastered not only the spoken Tatar language, but also learned to work with Old Turkic writing manuscripts. Teaching the Tatar language in the second half of the 1920s was aimed primarily at training teachers of the native language. That period was distinguished by the instability of curricula, the introduction of new teaching methods, including the Dalton plan, and also changes in teaching staff.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45079313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Science Transforming the World is Created by Geniuses in Need of Protection and Assistance More than Anyone.” (On the Fate of Scientists in the Famine of 1920s)","authors":"M. A. Akhmetova","doi":"10.22378/he.2021-6-2.312-325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.312-325","url":null,"abstract":"The October coup of 1917 and the Civil War negatively affected the fate of the country's population, particularly the Russian intellectuals. Representatives of the academic class, intellectuals, who are least adapted to disasters, had to fight for physical survival having left scientific work. The supply of food to university professors was carried out on a residual basis and was a \"drop in the sea.\" The purpose of the article is to reveal the attitude of the leader towards the people of science, as well as the assistance provided by the republican power to alleviate the fate of Kazan scientists. Documentary evidence suggests that the government was indifferent to the fate of outstanding scientists. The catastrophic situation in the Tatar Republic is confirmed by the premature death of creators of science and culture such as N.F. Katanov, A.A. Shakhmatov and many other professors of Kazan universities due to the hunger.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44805884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the monograph: Matiev T.Kh. The Mountain National Movement in Revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921) (Nazran, 2020)","authors":"L. Gabdrafikova","doi":"10.22378/he.2021-6-2.355-362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.355-362","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the analysis of the monograph by T.Kh. Matiev ”Mountain national movement in revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921)”, published in 2020 in Nazran. This study presents an original and comprehensive approach and addresses one of the most difficult cases in the history of the North Caucasus of the 20th century – the origins of the Mountain Republic. The driving force behind the idea of a federation and the protection of the rights of mountain peoples was the young intellectuals of the North Caucasus. In this regard, the reviewer sees parallels with Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region, the activity of the Tatar intellectual youth of the early 20th century, the ideas of national and cultural autonomy. The Muslim peoples of the North Caucasus and the Tatars had much in common: one religious culture, a desire for modernization from educated groups and contradictions in society. Monograph by T.Kh. Matiev shows the multiethnic world of the Russian Empire, at the same time it points to the commonality of many issues and the need for their further scientific study.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44009954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Language Situation in the Far North-East of Russia at the Border of the 20th–21st centuries","authors":"Y. Y. Mageramova","doi":"10.22378/he.2021-6-2.243-256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.243-256","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes a specific linguistic situation that developed in the Far North-East of Russia (CWS) using the example of the Magadan region in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The study used theoretical and empirical general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, observation and generalization), as well as proper linguistic and sociolinguistic modifications of general scientific methods (quantitative and conceptual analysis, inclusive observation, interviewing native speakers). The main extralinguistic factors, under the influence of which the modern linguistic situation was formed, were determined: harsh climatic conditions, low population density, poorly developed transport infrastructure, remoteness from centers of science and culture, the presence of an autochthonous population, a heterogeneous and unstable composition of inhabitants, etc. It is proved that the combination of the influence of extralinguistic factors with the action of internal linguistic laws has led to the formation of a special linguistic situation on the CWS, which is characterized by the following features: the presence of borrowings from the languages of the indigenous peoples of the North, minimization of dialectal influence, the existence of a particular Kolyma regional dialect functioning in the region. As an illustration, there are examples of lexemes borrowed from the languages of autochthonous ethnic groups in the Russian literary language, in old-time dialects, in the Kolyma region. The article covers the issue of old-timers' dialects that have survived in certain settlements of the Magadan region but do not have an impact on the speech of the Kolyma residents today. The structure of the lexical-semantic level of the Kolyma region is described, it is represented by several types of localisms: semantic, lexical, relative and substratum regionalisms. The conclusion is made about the formation of a special linguistic situation in the Far North-East of Russia, which, on the one hand, is in many respects specific, and on the other hand, corresponds to the global trends in the development of language systems.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46474581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rizaeddin Fakhreddin’s Articles in “Shura” Magazine regarding to Religious and National Clothing","authors":"I.Yu. Miftakhov","doi":"10.22378/he.2020-5-2.254-268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2020-5-2.254-268","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the articles, statements of the famous scientist, theologian, writer, and journalist Rizaeddin Fakhreddin named “About Clothes”. The article was published in the “Shura” magazine, where he worked as editor-in-chief. In his articles, Fakhreddin deeply analyzes the religious, national, economic, and medical aspects of clothing. The study examines such issues as the presence or absence of special clothing for Muslims, clothing of other nationalities and religions. Fakhreddin tries to explain that clothing does not have a sacred connotation according to Islamic theology and notes that it only affects a person’s character and behavior. Fakhreddin's articles say that there is no special attire prescribed by Islam for the clergy and that each nation has its clothing in accordance with climatic conditions and customs. Rizaeddin Fakhreddin emphasizes that theologians (‘ulama’) and clergy should be distinguished from everyone else by their excellent knowledge and high ethics, and not by their outer dress. Nevertheless, the clergy should wear clothes that people consider religious; for example, among the Tatars, such clothes are Turban and Chapan. He had a strong position concerning the preservation of national clothing, emphasizing its need for a nation and noticing its relevance for all times. In his opinion, it is not possible to preserve the national costume through sermons from the pulpits of mosques, articles in newspapers and magazines. In this matter, the primary responsibility in preserving national dresses lies on those people who produce and distribute national clothes. These articles by Rizaeddin Fakhreddin on the preservation of national clothing are an essential source for studying the Tatars’ daily life and the attitude of the Jadids regarding clothing at the beginning of the XX century.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narratives on the Origin of the Institution of the Muftiate among Tatars in Soviet times","authors":"R. Bekkin","doi":"10.22378/he.2020-5-2.225-242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2020-5-2.225-242","url":null,"abstract":"The rationale behind the creation of the institution of the muftiate in 1788 in Ufa was that the state wanted to better control the spiritual life of Muslims in the Russian Empire and use it as a tool for implementing domestic and foreign policy. It seemed more convenient for the government to deal with an organized structure incorporated into the system of state-controlled institutions rather than with separate, non-institutionalized representatives of Muslims who relied mainly on their authority among faithful and did not need legitimation and support from the state (either financial or legal). A certain number of Muslim religious figures also did not initially accept this institution. However, by mid-nineteenth century the Muslim community came to the understanding that it needed the institution of the muftiate through which they could represent and defend their interests relative to the state and the Synodal Church as a governmental body. Moreover, the Tatars began viewing the spiritual assembly in Ufa as a national institution guarding Tatar national identity within the context of the Orthodox state. The Tatar population of the empire thus appropriated the muftiate, giving rise to the legend that the institution had historically existed among the Tatars long before they were conquered by the Russians. The first narratives that the muftiate existed in the Kazan Khanate and was destroyed after the conquest of Kazan in 1552 probably appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. In Soviet times, this point of view was widespread in the 1920–1930s. Later it was modified and subsequent aspects of the narrative emphasized some aspects of the history of the muftiate, and concealed others. But the main thesis that the muftiate is an important institution for preserving the spiritual culture of the Tatar people remained unchanged. These changes in the interpretation of its history became in many ways a reflection of the processes that took place in the system of Soviet muftiates and, above all, in the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims in Ufa in Soviet times. This point of view contradicted the views of a number of Soviet historians (Lyutsian I. Klimovich, Arshaluis M. Arsharuni, Hadzhi Z. Gabidullin, Galimjan G. Ibragimov and others), who considered the muftiate an exclusively colonial institution imposed on Muslims and serving as an instrument of enslavement and oppression.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41292429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of Rizaeddin Fakhreddin in the Reform of Islamic Family Law in the Russian Empire","authors":"R. Garipova","doi":"10.22378/he.2020-5-2.206-224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2020-5-2.206-224","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Muslim communities in different parts of the world faced a common problem – women’s inability to obtain divorce after their husbands got missing or disappeared. These women, deprived of provision (nafaqa), could neither sustain themselves financially nor remarry. This paper focuses on the responses of Russia’s Islamic scholars to this problem which were compiled by a prominent religious scholar Rizaeddin Fakhreddin in a publication, titled Mutala‘a. The problem in the Volga-Ural Muslim community was deeply entangled with the question of religious authority under the Russian imperial rule. Therefore, Fakhreddin’s initiative aimed not only at bringing solution to women’s hardship but also at addressing the problem of religious authority and structural challenges in the application of shari‘a which developed in the nineteenth century. I argue that this collection of legal opinions was both an attempt to find a permanent solution to the problem of divorce of women and an instrument to strengthen the legal authority of the ‘ulama.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Aesthetics of the Enlightenment in the Works of Rizaeddin Fakhreddin","authors":"A. Zakirzyanov","doi":"10.22378/he.2020-5-2.293-305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2020-5-2.293-305","url":null,"abstract":"In the middle of the XIX century, an educational movement to renew society based on education and moral education begins in places where Tatars lived in compact numbers. Having adopted these ideas, writers looked for ways and means to bring their views to the masses. Rizaeddin Fakhreddin, who made a significant contribution to the development of the Tatar Renaissance, in the stories “Salima” and “Asma” refers to the events of reality and brings to the foreground an educated, idealized hero who acts in the interests of the people. The author considers changes in society in close connection with the fate of women. In the stories, Islamic values were depicted in close relationship with Russian-European achievements. The writer puts a moral, educated person to the Universe’s center, in whose actions the author's religious-ethical, philosophical-aesthetic views are also expressed.","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46693797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treasures of the Turkish culture: new research on jewelry art of Turkic peoples (deliberation on the results and prospects)","authors":"K. Rudenko","doi":"10.22378/he.2019-4-1.26-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2019-4-1.26-45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41536172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tatar folk festivals and traditions through the eyes of a historian. To the 155th anniversary of scholar G.N. Akhmarov","authors":"Elmira K. Salakhova","doi":"10.22378/he.2019-4-1.151-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2019-4-1.151-160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34778,"journal":{"name":"Istoricheskaia etnologiia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46326441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}