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Poverty, Inequalities and the Perceptions on Distributive Justice 贫困、不平等与分配正义观念
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.4197/islec.31-1.7
M. Iqbal
{"title":"Poverty, Inequalities and the Perceptions on Distributive Justice","authors":"M. Iqbal","doi":"10.4197/islec.31-1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/islec.31-1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Distributive justice may mean different things to various schools of thought. Active discussions on poverty and inequality are among economic debates which have been going on for a long time. However, during the last fifty years, they have received a lot more attention by both academicians and policy makers. Fifty years ago, growth in national income was considered to be the most effective way of reducing poverty and was the preferred policy goal even at the cost of increasing inequalities. Perspectives on both poverty and inequality have changed over time. The very definitions of poverty have been revised. Poverty is now seen as having many manifestations. Money income is not the only factor to determine who is poor, though it remains an important element. In this paper, we discuss the issues involved in this debate and present different views on distributive justice. The Islamic perspective on distributive justice and the strategy to achieve it is given special attention.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125737157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
An Islamic Approach to Inequality and Poverty 伊斯兰教对待不平等和贫穷的方法
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.4197/islec.31-1.4
A. Zaman
{"title":"An Islamic Approach to Inequality and Poverty","authors":"A. Zaman","doi":"10.4197/islec.31-1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4197/islec.31-1.4","url":null,"abstract":"We argue that ways of thinking about poverty changed dramatically due to the Great Transformation in Europe which created a market society. These ways spread to the rest of world due to the colonization and global conquest of Europe. The market society requires a labor market which dehumanizes people turning them into commodities. This and other related changes in attitudes toward wealth and poverty are the sources of the difficulties created by poverty and inequality. An Islamic approach requires re-creation of society on the basis of generosity and cooperation, values which are antithetical to greed and competition, the basis of market societies. We sketch a three-dimensional approach to resolving problems created by inequalities and poverty, based on spiritual, social, and institutional components. In each area, the source materials of Islam and Islamic history provide ample guidance and precedent for a radically different approach to these problems. نقرر في هذه الورقة بأن النظريات وطرق التفكير حول الفقر تغيرت بشكل كبير بسبب \"التحول الكبير\" في أوروبا الذي أدى إلى خلق مجتمع السوق. وانتشرت هذه النظريات إلى بقية العالم بسبب الغزو العالمي والاستعمار الأوروبي. مجتمع السوق يتطلب سوقا للعمال الأمر الذي يسلب إنسانية الناس ويحولهم إلى سلع. هذا وغيره من التغيرات في المواقف ذات الصلة تجاه الغنى والفقر هي مصادر الصعوبات الناجمة عن الفقر وعدم المساواة. المقاربة الإسلامية لهاتين المسألتين تتطلب إعادة خلق المجتمع على أساسي الكرم والتعاون؛ القيم التي تتناقض مع الجشع والمنافسة، التي هي أساس مجتمعات السوق. نرسم في هذه الورقة نهجا ثلاثي الأبعاد لحل المشاكل الناشئة عن عدم المساواة والفقر، قائما على العناصر الروحية والاجتماعية والمؤسسية. وفي كل مجال، توفر مصادر الإسلام والتاريخ الإسلامي توجيهات وافرة لمقاربة مختلفة جذريا إزاء هذه المشاكل.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116027381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Inequality of Opportunity, Governance and Individual Beliefs 机会不平等、治理和个人信仰
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3178010
J. Brock
{"title":"Inequality of Opportunity, Governance and Individual Beliefs","authors":"J. Brock","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3178010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3178010","url":null,"abstract":"Inequality of opportunity is a failure of economies to fairly tie incentives to effort and investment, across the socio-economic spectrum. But the actual limitations on economic activity due to this failure may depend on if people believe the system is unfair, and how well governing institutions safeguard fair-play. In this paper, I study whether inequality of opportunity is correlated with beliefs about fairness, and whether good governance can be a substitute in belief formations for decreases in inequality of opportunity. I find a that people in countries with recent increases in inequality of opportunity are less likely to believe that success is due to fair processes. The relationship is strongest in countries with poor quality governance. In countries with high quality governance, people appear to be more tolerant of inequality of opportunity, as it is only weakly reflected in their beliefs about process fairness. Finally, increases in income inequality also reduce the likelihood people perceive success as fair, but this relationship is not mitigated by good governance.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130797000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Standard of Living: Incomes, Wages and Lending in Regions 生活水平:地区收入、工资和贷款
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-12-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3093235
A. Burdyak, E. Grishina
{"title":"The Standard of Living: Incomes, Wages and Lending in Regions","authors":"A. Burdyak, E. Grishina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3093235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3093235","url":null,"abstract":"In January–October 2017, households’ real disposable cash income fell by 1.3% as compared to the relevant period of 2016. It is noteworthy that real accrued wages rose by 3.0%, while the real size of assigned pensions, by 3.9%. During the fi rst three quarters of 2017, Rb 6.4 trillion worth of loans was granted to households; in nominal terms this value is equal to the level of 2013–2014. However, with the inflation rate taken into account a downturn in lending (except mortgages) amounted to about 32%, so lending could not make up for a decrease in the standard of living.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132488946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Stratification by Life Chances: Evidence from Russia 生活机会造成的社会分层:来自俄罗斯的证据
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-12-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3093022
V. Anikin, Y. Lezhnina, S. Mareeva, Nataliya Tikhonovа
{"title":"Social Stratification by Life Chances: Evidence from Russia","authors":"V. Anikin, Y. Lezhnina, S. Mareeva, Nataliya Tikhonovа","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3093022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3093022","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper operationalizes one of the oldest concepts in the sociological literature about social stratification. Relying on Weber’s theory, the authors consider life chances in terms of positive and negative privileges. This framework is fertile ground for constructing a series of indices measuring opportunities and risks in key areas of life such as economic conditions, work situation, human capital accumulation, and consumption and leisure activities. Drawing on empirical data from three 2015 representative Russian surveys, the authors classified the Russian population on a continuum of life chances. The majority of Russians obtain just one third of the maximum scores on the life-chance scale. It is also shown that the life-chance scale has a strong correlation with the peaks of income distribution; however, the relationship between lower- and middle-income groups are not that salient. Finally, we show that life chances are uniquely distributed across different localities in contemporary Russia. We admit therefore the high analytical power of the neo-Weberian concept of life chances in stratification studies. Measured via a multidimensional index, life chances appear a good alternative to a gradational approach and the relational stratification schema developed particularly for the working population","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"434 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115865906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Economic Inequality and the Value of Nature 经济不平等与自然价值
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-11-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3074570
Moritz A. Drupp, Jasper N. Meya, Stefan Baumgärtner, M. Quaas
{"title":"Economic Inequality and the Value of Nature","authors":"Moritz A. Drupp, Jasper N. Meya, Stefan Baumgärtner, M. Quaas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3074570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3074570","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding what influences the value of nature is crucial for informing environmental policy. From a sustainability perspective, economic valuation should not only seek to determine willingness to pay for environmental goods to devise an efficient allocation of scarce resources, but should also account for distributional effects to ensure justice. Yet, how economic inequality affects the value of non-market environmental goods remains understudied. Combining recently developed theoretical results with empirical evidence we show that more equal societies have a higher valuation for environmental public goods and that non-market benefits of environmental policy accrue over-proportionally to poorer households. On this ground, we identify a number of fruitful areas for future research and discuss implications for environmental valuation, management and policy-making. We conclude that environmental valuation should explicitly account for economic inequality, and that encompassing assessments of the distributional effects of environmental policies must consider the distribution of non-market environmental benefits.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133353502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
The Social Implications of Sugar: Living Costs, Real Incomes and Inequality in Jamaica C1774 糖的社会含义:牙买加的生活成本、实际收入和不平等(1774年)
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.3386/w23897
T. Burnard, Laura Panza, J. Williamson
{"title":"The Social Implications of Sugar: Living Costs, Real Incomes and Inequality in Jamaica C1774","authors":"T. Burnard, Laura Panza, J. Williamson","doi":"10.3386/w23897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w23897","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides the first quantitative assessment of Jamaican standards of living and income inequality around 1774. To this purpose we compute welfare ratios for a range of occupations and build a social table. We find that the slave colony had extremely high living costs, which rose steeply during the American War of Independence, and low standards of living, particularly for its enslaved population. Our results also show that due to its extreme poverty surrounding extreme wealth Jamaica was the most unequal place in the pre-modern world. Furthermore, all of these characteristics applied to the free population alone.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127034349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Inequality in Brazil: A Regional Perspective 巴西的不平等:区域视角
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.5089/9781484324776.001.A001
Carlos Góes, Izabela Karpowicz
{"title":"Inequality in Brazil: A Regional Perspective","authors":"Carlos Góes, Izabela Karpowicz","doi":"10.5089/9781484324776.001.A001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484324776.001.A001","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households’ survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for spatial price differences using information on households’ rental prices available in the survey. In a panel regression framework, we find that labor income growth, formalization, and schooling contributed to the decline in inequality during 2004-14, but redistributive policies, such as Bolsa Familia, have also played a positive role. Going forward, it will be important to phase out untargeted subsidies, such as public spending on tertiary education, and contain growth of public sector wages, to improve budgetary efficiency and protect gains in equality.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123374074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
Is Inequality Increasing in r-g? Piketty's Principle of Capitalist Economics and the Dynamics of Inequality in Britain, 1210-2013 贫富差距是否在加剧?皮凯蒂的资本主义经济学原理与英国不平等的动态，1210-2013
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3059334
J. Madsen
{"title":"Is Inequality Increasing in r-g? Piketty's Principle of Capitalist Economics and the Dynamics of Inequality in Britain, 1210-2013","authors":"J. Madsen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3059334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3059334","url":null,"abstract":"In his 2014 book, Thomas Piketty argues that wealth inequality is sharply increasing in r-g and refers to r>g as ‘the central contradiction of capitalist economics’, where r is asset returns and g is real income growth. To assess whether inequality is increasing in the (r-g)-gap this paper: 1) constructs unique annual data on asset returns for a balanced portfolio and several other variables for Britain over the period 1210-2013, and 2) examines whether the dynamics in the wealth-income ratio, W-Y, and capital’s income share, SW, are governed by (r-g). It is shown that r and g are robust and significant determinants of wealth and income inequality and that they have been the major forces behind the large inequality waves over the past eight centuries.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122267253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Financial Development, Rule of Law and Wealth Inequality: Bayesian Model Averaging Evidence 金融发展、法治与财富不平等:贝叶斯模型平均证据
PSN: Income Inequality (Topic) Pub Date : 2017-08-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3023930
R. Horvath, E. Horvátová, Mária Širaňová
{"title":"Financial Development, Rule of Law and Wealth Inequality: Bayesian Model Averaging Evidence","authors":"R. Horvath, E. Horvátová, Mária Širaňová","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3023930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3023930","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the determinants of financial development using our global sample and employing a rich set of measures of financial development that assess the degree of depth, access, stability and efficiency of financial intermediaries. We use Bayesian model averaging to test competing theories within this unifying framework. Examining nearly 40 potential determinants of financial development, we find that the rule of law and the level of economic development are the most important. Wealth inequality is irrelevant for banking sector development but positively associated with stock market development. Finally, our results suggest that financial market regulations matter for stock market efficiency and financial stability.","PeriodicalId":346888,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Income Inequality (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128581268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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