Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Energy use and carbon emissions in high-performance computing: A case study for universities and reduction strategies","authors":"Stefanie Hölbling ,&nbsp;Gottfried Kirchengast ,&nbsp;Christian Briese ,&nbsp;Hans Thüminger","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from high-performance computing (HPC) and high-volume data storage (HDS) strongly increased over recent years. This contrasts with the need for emission reductions to halt global warming in line with the Paris climate goals, calling for ambitious action also for these energy-intensive services. Here we focus on options for institutional users that aim at professional institutional climate action management, where the quantification of emissions from HPC and HDS as part of emission inventories is still rare. We present methods and results of a case study, drawing from HPC/HDS usage data of a collaborative consortium project of data centers and Universities in Austria, where institution-level quantifications of energy use and related GHG emissions were obtained.</div><div>We find emissions from HPC use strongly dominating, relative to HDS use, for individual institutions and in total; case-study operational emissions summed to about 300–500 tCO₂eq annually from HPC while HDS emissions were near 3 tCO₂eq; co-estimated embodied emissions sum up to 50 to 100 and 3 to 10 tCO₂eq, respectively. Building on the results, the collaboration of data centers and users enabled to derive also more general climate action options, including provider-user synergies. Provider improvements on energy savings, efficiency, shift to renewable sources and transparency to users on energy sources and consumption can meet with deliberate user choice of genuinely “green” data centers and user skill advances in “green coding”, “smart avoidance” of inefficient computations and considerate HDS management. Our findings underpin that providers and users jointly need to bring energy use and emissions under control to help meet the Paris climate goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)-talc Ontario agri-film","authors":"Yusra Hasan ,&nbsp;Bassim Abbassi ,&nbsp;Amar K. Mohanty ,&nbsp;Manjusri Misra ,&nbsp;Atul Bali ,&nbsp;Mike Tiessen","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The environmental impacts of a compostable greenhouse film composed of 85 % poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and 15 % talc are examined within a cradle-to-grave framework using an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). This assessment is essential for understanding the sustainability of this solution in relation to the conventional, non-biodegradable plastics commonly used for greenhouse cover materials in Ontario, thereby supporting the resiliency and sustainability of the greenhouse agriculture sector. The Ecoinvent database within SimaPro software was coupled with the key standards of ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006 to conduct an environmental LCA per functional unit of 1 kg of PBAT-talc film. Data consisted of primary and secondary inventory sourced from the University of Guelph Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre and literature, respectively. Using the TRACI 2.1 method, environmental burdens were calculated and mitigated. Key hotspots emerged from the preparation, blown film, and composting stages. By incorporating sustainable energy mixes and biobased components of PBAT instead of petroleum-based compounds, the leading normalized categories of carcinogenic and ecotoxicity impacts were significantly reduced. With these suggested sensitivity modifications, PBAT-talc film proves to be the more sustainable option compared to all other conventional films. The Ontario agricultural greenhouse industry must seek greenhouse cover materials with the least environmental impacts, as this film demonstrates relative to other options. Aligning with global and national initiatives, this study addresses Ontario's greenhouse cover sustainability in the agriculture sector, with additional recommendations to further improve these outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From short-term profitability to long-term sustainability: exploring life cycle cost in chemical processes","authors":"Yuree Kwon ,&nbsp;Yongchul Jang ,&nbsp;Jinjoo An","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As industries increasingly adopt sustainability-oriented strategies, economic assessment methods should evolve to incorporate environmental externalities and long-term system impacts. While conventional techno-economic analysis (TEA) evaluates financial feasibility, it may exclude life cycle-based costs and environmental burdens. This study focuses on TEA practices that have yet to fully incorporate life cycle considerations and compares them with life cycle costing (LCC) approaches under sustainability-driven contexts. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the system boundaries, cost coverage, and decision-making implications of both methods. Furthermore, a case study on recycled methanol production at a low technology readiness level (TRL) demonstrates how LCC enhances traditional TEA by internalizing environmental costs. Environmental costs were monetized using two methodologies (LIME3 and Ecovalue12), both of which monetize environmental impacts, and the results showed that the minimum selling price increased by 3–4 % (LIME3) and 125–160 % (Ecovalue12) compared to the TEA results. These findings highlight the variability resulting from the integration of environmental costs and the necessity for standardizing monetization methodologies. This work shows how life cycle-based cost assessments can provide a more comprehensive basis for sustainability-oriented decision-making, particularly in emerging chemical technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rating sustainability aspects of reverse osmosis desalination plants using multi-criteria decision-making approach","authors":"Aya M. El-Shahat ,&nbsp;Emad S. Bakhoum ,&nbsp;Mohamed Marzouk","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desalination has become a vital global water source with significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. Governance institutions are increasingly applying sustainability principles to desalination. Given the scarcity of high-quality freshwater and growing populations, desalination ensures water security in Egypt. Despite environmental impacts and high energy consumption, desalination projects are not fully integrated into green rating frameworks. However, despite their importance, limited research efforts have been made to score and rank desalination plants using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. This research addresses this gap by proposing a sustainable assessment framework integrating sustainability, MCDM techniques and sensitivity analysis. Benchmarking regional and international rating systems to highlight sustainable categories and criteria. The developed system includes 26 criteria in seven categories: 1) General Requirements, 2) Sustainable Site, 3) Energy, 4) Water Efficiency, 5) Materials and Resources, 6) Emissions and Environment, and 7) Culture and Economy. The rating system classifies desalination plants into six levels: Unsustainable, Certified, Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. A key novelty of the study is the dual application of two developed MCDM techniques, Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Full-Consistency Method (FUCOM), which are rarely used in infrastructure assessments, particularly in the desalination sector. They are used to determine categories and criteria weights. To measure the consistency between BWM and FUCOM results, a Weight Similarity Coefficient (WSC) was calculated. The overall WSC value was 0.83, indicating high consistency between the two methods. The most important and the least important categories and criteria were determined by conducting questionnaire surveys completed by desalination plants experts. The framework is applied to East Port-Said Reverse Osmosis (RO) Water Desalination Plant as a case study. The Plant received a high sustainability ranking (“Silver”) with a score of 73.24 and 72.58 using BWM and FUCOM, respectively. Sensitivity analysis assesses the effectiveness of categories and criteria using deterministic and Monte Carlo regression-based analysis. Results reveal that BWM and FUCOM rankings are sensitive to category weight variations, emphasizing the importance of precise weighting in sustainability assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100380"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Environmental Hotspots and improvements for sustainable mussel production: An LCA approach on the case study of La Spezia (Italy)","authors":"Letizia Caroscio ,&nbsp;Cristian Chiavetta ,&nbsp;Alessandra Bonoli","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of mussel farming in the Gulf of La Spezia (Liguria, Italy), a site of particular interest due to its proximity to the Cinque Terre National Park, the presence of a major industrial port, and the coexistence with traditional aquaculture practices. Innovatively, this study combines LCA with alternative scenarios analysis to explore circular economy strategies in mussel farming, providing practical solutions to reduce environmental impact and valorize by-products.</div><div>The results highlight the importance of reducing imports, limiting the use of plastic materials, and optimizing waste management practices. In particular, the farming phase, mainly driven by the import of mussels from abroad, accounts for more than 90 % of the total impacts in 10 out of 11 categories analyzed. Scenario analysis shows that reducing imports by 50 % (Scenario C) decreases impacts by about 42–48 %, while their complete elimination (Scenario D) leads to drastic reductions, exceeding 85 % in all categories and reaching up to 97 % for Global Warming.</div><div>The goal is to advance toward a sustainable and circular blue economy model that supports environmental protection, promotes responsible food, and contributes to the development of the local economy while also addressing new production scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic and life cycle assessment of novel hybrid energy and fuel generation systems from municipal waste through plasma gasification and anaerobic digestion coupled with carbon capture and storage","authors":"Qurrotin Ayunina Maulida Okta Arifianti ,&nbsp;Maria Fernanda Rojas Michaga ,&nbsp;Karim Rabea ,&nbsp;Stavros Michailos ,&nbsp;Kevin J. Hughes ,&nbsp;Lin Ma ,&nbsp;Derek Ingham ,&nbsp;Mohamed Pourkashanian","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving climate goals demands novel system designs that enable the conversion of municipal waste, such as plastic and food waste into energy and fuels with minimal environmental impact. This study proposes an innovative multi-energy generation system that integrates plasma gasification for plastic waste and anaerobic digestion for food waste, coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. This novel conceptual design aims to maximize energy recovery while reducing lifecycle emissions compared to conventional waste-to-energy (WtE) pathways. Two novel system configurations were assessed: (1) a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, and (2) a CCHP system integrated with liquid biomethane production. Each configuration was evaluated under three CCS strategies: no CCS, pre-combustion CCS, and post-combustion CCS. The economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the economic and environmental trade-offs of each design. Specifically, in Scenario 1, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increases from 0.171 USD/kWh (no CCS) to 0.311 and 0.354 USD/kWh while in Scenario 2, the levelized cost of biomethane (LCObM) rises from 0.176 USD/kWh to 0.314 and 0.374 USD/kWh for pre- and post-combustion CCS, respectively. While CCS raises production costs, they also represent a tangible commitment to reducing emissions and underscore that transitioning to cleaner energy systems often entails higher near-term expenditures. Across both scenarios, the levelized cost of waste treatment (LCOWT) spans 0.081–0.236 USD/kg of waste. Global warming potential (GWP) ranges from −0.191 to 0.662 kgCO₂-eq/kg of feedstock for Scenario 1, and 0.123 to 0.746 kgCO₂-eq/kg for Scenario 2. This work provides the first integrated assessment of such a hybrid WtE system, offering new insights for sustainable waste valorisation. The proposed novel designs support future detailed engineering studies and inform policymaking for low-carbon waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LCA of precious metals recovery: Modelling the secondary supply of gold, silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium from an integrated refining plant","authors":"D. Cespi ,&nbsp;L. Ciacci ,&nbsp;A. Chiarini ,&nbsp;E. Trova ,&nbsp;C. Acciai ,&nbsp;I. Ciabatti ,&nbsp;M. Tirinnanzi ,&nbsp;F. Passarini","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precious metals are essential elements in modern technology and the green transition, with limited alternatives on the market. Primary production is the main supply source to meet their current demand, with secondary sourcing remaining still quite limited. Indeed, although precious metals could last virtually forever in the anthroposphere, and thus be potentially available for recycling, their value chain is characterized by inefficiencies and material losses that prevent the closure of material flows. In addition to the challenge of improving recovery and recycling processes, there is also the need to quantify the environmental impact associated with secondary sources to support informed choices.</div><div>In this work, we apply life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the potential environmental impacts associated with an integrated refining process for precious metals (i.e., gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and rhodium), recovered from heterogeneous waste inflows including production scrap, spent catalysts, liquid waste, and incineration ash. The LCA model was created by mainly using primary data collected from the integrated refining plant, located in northern Italy, complemented with secondary data from the relevant literature. The ReCiPe 2016, IPCC 2021 GWP100, and CED methods were used for life cycle impact assessment. The resulting carbon footprint amounted to 0.43 t CO₂ eq/kg Au, 0.01 t CO₂ eq/kg Ag, 0.47 t CO₂ eq/kg Pd, 0.18 t CO₂ eq/kg Pt, 1.55 t CO₂ eq/kg Rh, respectively. The insights complement the existing datasets for LCA and are expected to inform stakeholders engaged with the sustainability challenge in the life cycle of precious metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of a commercial-scale valorized grocery food waste product and its potential use as a sustainable feed input for egg production","authors":"Shaiyan Siddique ,&nbsp;Vivek Arulnathan ,&nbsp;Ian Turner ,&nbsp;Rehan Sadiq ,&nbsp;Nathan Pelletier","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food waste is a major sustainability challenge in modern society. Livestock production also presents core sustainability challenges, notably due to its demand for feed inputs and associated impacts. Directly valorizing food waste to livestock feed at a commercial scale has hence emerged as a potential strategy to solve both problems. However, case studies of such systems are limited, particularly in western countries, representing an important knowledge gap. This study reports a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of a commercial-scale grocery waste-to-poultry feed input production system based in Pennsylvania, and the use of the resultant feed product for egg production in Canada. Findings for the valorized input product system showed a net environmental benefit for climate change and eutrophication impact categories due to avoided landfill emissions when no landfill gas collection is assumed. Using feed containing 5 % valorized product in egg production reduced the life cycle environmental impacts of conventional Canadian eggs in 10 out of 11 impact categories, including a 17 % impact reduction in climate change at the 20-year horizon. However, fossil fuel depletion saw a 57 % increase in impacts, due to process and technical inefficiencies in the studied product system and Pennsylvania's reliance on fossil fuel for electricity production. Contribution, scenarios, and sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of utilizing green energy sources, along with efficient transportation and substrate drying technologies. The study also highlighted the need for further research to optimize the inclusion rate of the valorized product in poultry feeds, and better resolved regional, infrastructural, and logistical contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paving the way for more sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling routes","authors":"Marvin Gornik ,&nbsp;Daniel Habermeier ,&nbsp;Reiner Sojka ,&nbsp;Nicolas Bucher ,&nbsp;Denise Ott","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates global, currently existing industrial lithium-Ion battery (LIB) recycling processes from a technical, economic as well as environmental point of view. The focus lies in the comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of these technologies in one single flexible model. Out of several analyzed publications, nine different industrial life cycle inventories were analyzed in detail and compared via LCA with similar system boundaries and background data. Minor adjustments were made to ensure a fair comparison. The results indicate variations in the degree of detail among the utilized inventories, with discrepancies observed, such as variations in coverage of pretreatment steps. This study identified trends indicating that hydrometallurgical treatments offer greater potential for reducing environmental burdens. This is primarily attributed to the wider range of materials recovered. Additionally, the LCA results of the complete life cycle of a LIB were analyzed using two different calculation approaches: the widely used End-of-Life (EoL) approach in LCA and the circular footprint formula (CFF), a recently introduced methodology by the European Union.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Product-as-a-service transition for original equipment manufacturers: Challenges, performance metrics, and design guidelines – The case of electrical and electronic equipment","authors":"J. Hidalgo-Crespo ,&nbsp;Paulina Golinska-Dawson ,&nbsp;Andreas Riel","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a circular business model that allows original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to enhance their product offerings, and capture the economic value by cascading value retention processes like repair, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and afterward recycling. The shift from traditional product ownership models to PaaS models requires a systemic transformation in how products are designed, delivered, and supported. In this paper we focus on the PaaS models for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) for consumer markets. To ensure successful deployment we identify four key pillars of PaaS transformation: product design, service offerings, enabling technologies and supporting infrastructure. Through this research, we explore how identified challenges can be linked to indicators and guidelines as potential solutions for each of the four pillars. By applying PRISMA and bibliometric analysis, we identified 229 challenges, 182 indicators, and 169 design barriers and categorize them within the four fundamental pillars of PaaS: products, services, technologies, and infrastructure. Our findings highlight a notable deficiency in performance indicators and design guidelines related to both infrastructure and technology, resulting in a lack of methods and tools to support the development of circular PaaS offerings and ecosystems. This study suggests relating challenges, performance indicators, and design guidelines with each other for ultimately coming up with PaaS decision guidance for both designers and decision makers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}