Cleaner Environmental Systems最新文献

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of Sicilian durum wheat: A comparative study of conventional and organic systems","authors":"M. Auteri ,&nbsp;S. Prestigiacomo ,&nbsp;R.N. Mankaa ,&nbsp;A. Covais ,&nbsp;M. Traverso ,&nbsp;G. Di Miceli","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Durum wheat production plays an indispensable role in sustaining populations, and it occupies an estimated area of 18 million hectares worldwide. The production of this crop requires a large amount of material and energy inputs, affecting the environment in different ways including the emissions of greenhouse gases. In the context of global climate change it is urgent to mitigate the impact of agricultural activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of conventional and organic durum wheat grain production systems in Sicily, involving, for the first time, a considerable number of farms, using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. Primary data were collected from 21 Sicilian farms and a ton was used as the functional unit. A “cradle to farm gate\" system boundary was adopted, encompassing both background activities and all inputs for wheat cultivation. Secondary data were used when the primary information was not available; the analysis was carried out using SimaPro 9.5.0.1. The impact was calculated through the CML-IA baseline method, considering 11 impact categories and land use from the Recipe midpoint (H) 2016. The results showed that in all impact categories conventional farming had higher impacts than organic. Furthermore, in most categories for the conventional system, the main affecting factors were fuel, transport, fertilisers and pesticides, while in the organic one only fuel and seeds. Normalized results suggested that marine aquatic ecotoxicity showed the highest values, followed by freshwater ecotoxicity. The results of this study are relevant for evaluating strategies to reduce the environmental impacts associated with durum wheat production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renewable energy integration in seawater desalination: A life cycle costing perspective for sustainable water supply","authors":"Edoardo Teresi ,&nbsp;Cristian Chiavetta ,&nbsp;Gabriele Freni ,&nbsp;Letizia Caroscio ,&nbsp;Alessandra Bonoli","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity is intensifying in Mediterranean regions due to population growth, tourism, intensive agriculture, and climate-driven hydrological stress. In parallel, countries highly dependent on energy imports and lacking resilient water infrastructure face structural disruptions in water supply. While seawater desalination has emerged as a viable solution worldwide, its deployment remains limited in several regions due to cost and energy constraints.</div><div>This study assesses the techno-economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy into seawater desalination to support an affordable and sustainable water supply. A Life Cycle Costing approach is applied to a 12,500 m³/day seawater reverse osmosis plant operating under six alternative energy configurations. Energy modeling is conducted using HOMER Pro, based on updated regional economic and environmental data. The analysis provides the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of hybrid solar-wind-grid solutions for Mediterranean desalination, demonstrating that optimized renewable oversizing can significantly reduce water costs without relying on energy storage.</div><div>Results indicate that renewable-powered scenarios can reduce the Levelized Cost of Water by up to 20% compared to grid-only systems, while improving resilience to fossil fuel price volatility. The most cost-effective scenario performs competitively with conventional municipal water tariffs and remains significantly more economical than emergency alternatives.</div><div>Using a Mediterranean case study (Gela, Italy) as a reference, this work demonstrates the potential for renewable-powered desalination to support secure, low-carbon, and climate-resilient water supply in energy-constrained and water-stressed regions worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle environmental assessment of marine debris and post-consumer waste plastics into asphalt pavements","authors":"Mandy-Tanita Brinkmann ,&nbsp;Cara Megill ,&nbsp;Joep Meijer ,&nbsp;Jennifer M. Lynch","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates locally adapted recycling strategies for marine derelict fishing gear (DFG) and post-consumer waste (PCW) plastics in Hawaiʻi using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. Comparative cradle-to-gate LCAs were conducted to assess the environmental impacts of managing marine derelict fishing gear and post-consumer waste plastics through mechanical recycling and incorporation into asphalt pavements compared to incineration at Honolulu's local waste-to-energy facility. Global warming potential (GWP), human carcinogenic toxicity, and additional environmental impact categories were evaluated using the TRACI 2.1 method. The results show that local mechanical recycling substantially reduces environmental impacts across all impact categories compared to mainland processing, and reduces GWP compared to incineration. For DFG nets, on-island recycling reduced GWP by approximately 75% relative to mainland processing (about 1500 vs. 6080 kg CO₂-eq. per metric ton) and resulted in the lowest carcinogenic impacts (5.27x10⁻⁷ CTUh). Incineration exhibited high GWP (about 2910 kg CO₂-eq. per metric ton) and elevated carcinogenic emissions compared to locally recycled DFG. This trend is largely driven by material loss during combustion. PCW plastics consistently showed higher impacts than DFG nets, particularly for carcinogens, due to diesel-based electricity use during processing. Sensitivity analysis further demonstrated that substituting recycled High-Density Polyethylene for virgin styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) in asphalt binders can reduce GWP by up to 12.6%, whereas adding recycled polymers without replacing virgin modifiers increases overall impacts. These findings highlight the importance of local processing and true material substitution in advancing circular economy strategies for plastic waste management in island contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental and economic assessment of coal fly ash flotation for sustainable unburned carbon recovery","authors":"Shize Cai ,&nbsp;Jinming Jiang ,&nbsp;He Wang ,&nbsp;Shiteng Tan ,&nbsp;Yanbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruiyan Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wang ,&nbsp;Koji Takasu ,&nbsp;Weijun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Incorporating coal fly ash (CFA), a byproduct of coal combustion, into cementitious materials is a promising strategy for reducing the consumption of natural resources and mitigating environmental burdens. Although flotation effectively lowers the unburned carbon content in CFA to enhance its recyclability, the associated carbon emissions and economic costs necessitate rigorous sustainability evaluations. This study evaluates the environmental-economic trade-offs of CFA flotation at a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 (pilot scale), utilizing integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Instead of static modeling, a Calorific-Based Economic Valuation (CBEV) framework is introduced to optimize process parameters by coupling market pricing mechanisms with flotation grade-recovery. The results revealed that kerosene and turpentine oil dosages critically influenced system performance: overuse caused economic losses, whereas optimal conditions (1 % kerosene + 0.1 % turpentine oil per ton of CFA) achieved a carbon benefit of 94.29 kg CO₂-eq (247.70 % improvement) and a net benefit of 0.986 USD/t (4.69 % return). Sensitivity analysis reveals that the adoption of electric vehicles yields synergistic environmental and economic benefits. In contrast, a 50 % increase in transport distance reduces economic returns by 3.6 %, despite a marginal variation in carbon footprint (&lt;5 %), highlighting the importance of logistics optimization. Based on industrial scale-up principles, these results represent a conservative baseline for informing future industrial applications. This study establishes a dual-perspective framework for assessing the feasibility of CFA flotation and provides quantitative insights to support sustainable process intensification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of lightweight natural fibre/PP-composite side skirts for electric trucks","authors":"Magdalena Juntikka ,&nbsp;David Engberg ,&nbsp;Yvonne Aitomäki ,&nbsp;Torun Hammar","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transportation sector faces increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, yet current solutions incorporating plastics and steel are heavy and energy-intensive, contributing significantly to climate impact. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of the novel natural fibre/PP composite is presented in this paper. Truck exterior side panels, called side skirts, were used as a case study, where a concept design was manufactured and assessed, comparing it to the currently used plastic and steel solution. The novelty of this work lies in introducing natural fibre/PP composites for electric trucks as a sustainable lightweighting strategy, reducing fossil-based material use and enabling significant climate impact reductions across the life cycle. Key findings show that composite side skirts had 78 % lower climate impact compared to the current solution, which combines of plastic and steel. This calculation assumes the European electricity mix during the use phase, equal service life for both solutions, and cut-off allocation. The primary contribution to climate impact reduction was the decreased component mass (42.9 kg), which resulted in a 72 % reduction in energy demand during the use phase. However, this effect is strongly influenced by the electricity mix applied. In summary, natural fibre composites can be considered a promising alternative for replacing the existing energy intense solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective life cycle assessment of mycelium protein from submerged fermentation: The role of energy systems and residual substrates","authors":"Zhengxuan Wu,&nbsp;Daniel Maga,&nbsp;Venkat Aryan,&nbsp;Manfred Renner","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2026.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mycelium from basidiomycetes is gaining attention as a promising alternative protein source to address the rising global demand for sustainable proteins. This study presents a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel food application based on <em>Flammulina velutipes</em> (FVE) mycelium produced via submerged fermentation using potato pulp as a substrate – a side stream from the food industry. In addition to a pilot-scale base case, three future scenarios for 2030 and 2050 (best-case, predictive, worst-case) were developed based on primary process data, expert estimates of efficiency improvements, and projected future energy mixes. Results show that, in the best-case scenario, the climate change impacts could be reduced by up to 95% by 2050 compared to the base case, primarily through process optimization and a decarbonized energy supply. Uncertainty analysis confirmed the projected reduction in climate change impacts across future scenarios and identified agitation efficiency as the key improvement priority for 2030, while thermal energy efficiency becomes critical by 2050. Through the application of a structured prospective LCA to an emerging mycelium-based food production, this study first identifies the key prospective elements and uncertainties that need to be considered. The results underscore the potential of mycelium as a sustainable protein source and emphasize the importance of early-stage process optimization and alignment with renewable energy supply to fully realize its environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to choose the functional unit for agricultural LCA? A stakeholder-centered conceptual framework","authors":"Johannes Kopton ,&nbsp;Amelie Michalke ,&nbsp;Katja Schiffers","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A key methodological challenge in using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for agricultural decision support is the definition of the system’s function and functional unit (FU). In complex, multifunctional agricultural systems, this choice is often ambiguous and can significantly alter study outcomes, complicating the comparability and interpretation of results and posing a challenge for decision-making. To situate this problem, we first present a focused review of 34 recent LCA studies, which confirms the diversity of current practices and underscores the need for a more structured selection approach. In response to this identified gap, this paper develops a conceptual framework for selecting appropriate FUs. The framework includes a taxonomy that classifies agricultural functions according to key stakeholder perspectives: the consumer (product function), the producer (income function), and society (land management function). Building on this classification and the challenges highlighted by the literature review, we introduce five evaluative criteria: completeness, proportionality, specificity, stability, and accessibility. These criteria are designed to guide researchers and practitioners in selecting and justifying FUs that align with specific decision contexts. By shifting the focus from a single “correct” FU to a context-appropriate one, our framework provides a robust and transparent methodology to enhance the relevance and utility of LCA in supporting sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic life cycle assessment of fibrous agricultural residues for long-lived carbon storage in building materials","authors":"Bamdad Ayati ,&nbsp;Armor Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Alan Chandler","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study combines a global mass-flow analysis of technically recoverable agricultural residues with dynamic life cycle assessment to quantify climate benefits of diverting biomass into long-lived building products. Annual flows were linked to the Bern Impulse Response Model (BernSCM), radiative forcing and temperature response under different scenarios diverting biomass from combustion routes such as open burning, combined heat and power and biofuel production to long-term storage. The assessment showed that a complete diversion from combustion with renewable energy backfill provides persistent cooling with a median radiative forcing of −0.6 W m^-2 and -0.35 °C at 100 years. Allocating an additional 50 Mha of high-yield crops increases long-term cooling but is offset by early land-use emissions. Scenarios, constrained by projected global building materials demand produced much smaller effects in the range of 0.0041–0.0082 W m^-2 in radiative forcing and 0.0031–0.0062 °C cooling for bio-based market increasing from 1 % to 25 % and 50 % in the next 25 years. Sensitivity analysis shows uncertainty dominated by service life and end-of-life scenarios, while substitution credit and allocation shares resulted in a smaller influence. The results indicate that while fibrous residues could act as a significant carbon sink, their full potential requires expanding beyond insulation materials or deployment into other long-lived construction applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of environmental target indicators combined with legal approaches for sustainability of the rubber industry in Thailand","authors":"Narisara Kaewchutima ,&nbsp;Oramas Suttinun ,&nbsp;Udomsak Sinthipong ,&nbsp;Khamphe Phoungthong ,&nbsp;Sutinee Sinutok ,&nbsp;Jitti Mungkalasiri ,&nbsp;Prakaytham Suksatit ,&nbsp;Charongpun Musikavong","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainability in agriculture and industry is essential for balancing economic growth with environmental responsibilities. Thailand, as a leading global producer and exporter of natural rubber, faces significant challenges in integrating sustainable practices within its extensive rubber industry. The environmental integrity dimension target indicators of the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) framework are used in this study to assess the sustainability of Thailand's rubber industry across the rubber plantations and intermediate rubber processing sectors. The sustainability results obtained were integrated with a comparative analysis of Thai legal compliance. Data were collected via structured questionnaires from farmers and intermediate rubber facilities across major cultivation areas in Thailand. The finding revealed both alignments and significant discrepancies between the sustainability assessment results of the rubber sector and the legal compliance evaluation. This study identifies four sustainability performance scenarios based on legal compliance and indicators. It recommends maintaining standards where sustainability performance aligns with legal requirements, offering support and incentives where performance falls below legal requirements, and promoting certification and legal upgrades where performance exceeds requirements. For indicators not yet covered by law, particularly GHG reduction, new legislation and foundational enforcement mechanisms are essential to ensure long-term sustainability progress across both sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical, economic and environmental analysis of production scraps direct recycling from lithium-ion battery manufacturing","authors":"Martina Bruno ,&nbsp;Lotta Liina Lassila ,&nbsp;Carlotta Francia ,&nbsp;Annukka Santasalo-Aarnio ,&nbsp;Silvia Fiore","doi":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the well-known limitations of current recycling methods, particularly the challenges associated with heterogeneous and degraded end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), including complex disassembly, electrolyte removal, and material cross-contamination, this study proposes a practical and efficient alternative based on direct recycling of production scraps. In this study a direct recycling process, which recovers active materials without altering their crystal structure, consisting in thermal treatment followed by mechanical detachment through ball milling, was applied to production scraps of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. Different temperatures (200-300-400-600 °C) and air or nitrogen were explored. Experiments showed that partial melting of PVDF binder at 200 °C was sufficient to enable effective material recovery, particularly for LFP, without inducing degradation. The highest recovery yields were recorded at 400 °C in air for LFP (98 ± 7 % Fe and 99 ± 11 % Li) and at 600 °C in air for NMC (99 ± 19 % Co, 99 ± 12 % Li, 99 ± 17 % Mn and 99 ± 5 % Ni). Thermal treatment at 300 °C led to PVDF melting without degradation which increased the concentration of Al impurities in both LFP and NMC materials, likely due to the binder's molten state enhancing adhesion to the Al foil prior to its complete thermal decomposition. The economic viability of the process was confirmed by recovery costs (0.71 €/kg LFP and 1.17 €/kg NMC) lower than current virgin material prices. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions equal to 1.18–2.56 kg CO₂/kg for LFP and 1.94–6.98 kg CO₂/kg for NMC were calculated, with the most favourable trade-offs achieved at moderate temperatures in air. Due to low energy demand and easy scalability, the proposed direct recycling process holds potential for on-site recycling of scrap cathodes, particularly in regions -such as the European Union, where critical raw materials supply security and waste reduction are significant issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34616,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Environmental Systems","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}