International Review of Environmental History最新文献_第7页

Uncertainty and the emotional landscape of drought 干旱的不确定性和情感景观

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.03

Rebecca C. Jones

{"title":"Uncertainty and the emotional landscape of drought","authors":"Rebecca C. Jones","doi":"10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.03","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is the most ubiquitous climatic phenomenon in Australia, and the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were decades of particularly frequent and persistent drought in south-eastern Australia. While the financial and environmental cost of drought has been well documented by historians, less attention has been paid to the emotional landscape of drought. These effects share much with other types of environmental adversity; however, droughts are slow catastrophes that generate a particularly profound level of uncertainty. This paper explores emotional responses to drought from the 1890s to the 1940s as well as some of the ways in which people coped with and attempted to ameliorate these emotions. I argue that drought elicits a wide range of emotions, but that the dominant experience of drought and the source of many of these emotions was uncertainty, provoked by the particularly ambivalent, incremental character of drought. Farmers are, arguably, the group whose well-being depends most directly on climate extremes and are therefore the group upon which I will focus this paper. Personal sources such as diaries and correspondence provide a window into the lived experience of drought and a rich picture of the emotional landscape of settler-colonisers in Australia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.","PeriodicalId":34502,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Environmental History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42373305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Typhoons and droughts: Food shortages and famine in the Philippines since the seventeenth century 台风和干旱：17世纪以来菲律宾的粮食短缺和饥荒

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.04

J. Warren

{"title":"Typhoons and droughts: Food shortages and famine in the Philippines since the seventeenth century","authors":"J. Warren","doi":"10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.04","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I explore why so many people have starved in the Philippines when typhoons, floods and droughts have occurred since the seventeenth century and governments of the day have been unable to provide relief. Why, in the twenty-first century, are millions of Filipinos still living in the shadow of hunger? I draw attention to the causes and consequences of food shortages and famine and the relationship between climatic and weather factors, especially storms, floods and drought, and food supply (ownership and exchange), regional characteristics and social structure. In examining famines over time, I stress the structural links between food shortages, the nature of Filipino peasant societies and the weather factor. In addition, I explore the developing historical relationship between economic and political changes and societal group inequality, involving the loss of entitlements that become more explicit in times of famine. I also examine the lingering impacts of climate variability and extreme weather—typhoons, floods and drought—linked to past and present famines. Filipino farmers have not vanquished famine. Destitution and death from disasters and famine were all continual and familiar experiences under both Spanish and American rule, and remain so to the present day.","PeriodicalId":34502,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Environmental History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45654897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Malaya’s greatest menace? Slow-onset disaster and the muddy politics of British Malaya, c. 1900–50 马来亚最大的威胁是什么?缓慢发生的灾难和英属马来亚混乱的政治，约1900 - 1950年

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/ireh.04.02.2018.05

Fiona Williamson

{"title":"Malaya’s greatest menace? Slow-onset disaster and the muddy politics of British Malaya, c. 1900–50","authors":"Fiona Williamson","doi":"10.22459/ireh.04.02.2018.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/ireh.04.02.2018.05","url":null,"abstract":"In 1948, a chilling statement from British Malaya’s Director of Agriculture, F. Burnett, made headline news. According to Burnett, unchecked soil erosion across hillside Malaya would soon render the country’s precious agricultural land infertile. Erosion had worsened considerably after the 1880s due to widespread, indiscriminate agricultural and industrial clearing. By the 1920s, it had become a sizeable socioeconomic and environmental issue, thought also to contribute to the scale and intensity of flooding and the likelihood of dangerous landslips. The British Government raised a series of empire-wide inquiries across the first half of the twentieth century, tied to an emerging global scientific interest in, and concern about, soil degradation, food security and economic productivity. The colonial British Government of Malaya—whilst acknowledging the part played by commercial agriculture—also tended to place blame on traditional shifting cultivators and farmers, especially the Chinese. This article discusses the problem of soil erosion in British Malaya as a primarily slow-onset disaster while also acknowledging erosion’s contributing role in more sudden hazards, such as landslips. It also explores how erosion was linked with an evolving blame culture in Malaya, involving discrimination against different social groups at different times. The narratives surrounding soil erosion thus offer a lens into the interplay of environment, colonialism and politics in British Malaya.","PeriodicalId":34502,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Environmental History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44554727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The tinderbox city: The industrialisation of fire disasters in Hankou, China, 1849–1944 火药桶城市:1849-1944年中国汉口火灾的工业化

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/ireh.04.02.2018.06

Chris Courtney

引用次数: 1

The slow, the quick and the dead: Environment, politics and temporality in the Henan famine, 1942–43 慢的、快的和死的：1942-43年河南饥荒中的环境、政治和时间

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.07

Mark B. Baker

{"title":"The slow, the quick and the dead: Environment, politics and temporality in the Henan famine, 1942–43","authors":"Mark B. Baker","doi":"10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.07","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that famines have rapid as well as slow temporalities. Using newspapers, contemporary eyewitness accounts and subsequent memoirs, it uncovers the mixed temporalities of causation and experience in the 1942–43 famine in Henan Province, north-central China. It begins by exploring how the slow elements of famine played out in Henan: endemic poverty and malnutrition, years of war in the province, and the drawn-out experience of drought and starvation in 1942–43. More importantly, though, it then demonstrates that it was rapid processes that tipped much of Henan into what one observer called a ‘blitz famine’: hailstorms, price spikes and the violence of military requisitioning. The experience of famine, too, had fast temporalities, including snap decisions about flight, individual or collective acts of violence, and the sudden bodily collapse that often followed the slow process of starvation. But if all famines have mixed temporalities, this article closes by showing that these elements of time are not politically neutral. Comparing 1942–43 with Henan’s other major twentieth-century famines (1920–21, 1928–30 and 1958–61), I argue that the growing role of the state in causing famine led to faster temporalities","PeriodicalId":34502,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Environmental History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42346677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Disasters fast and slow: The temporality of hazards in environmental history 灾害的快慢:环境史上灾害的暂时性

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/IREH.04.02.2018.02

Fiona Williamson, Chris Courtney

引用次数: 5

Introduction 介绍

International Review of Environmental History Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.22459/ireh.04.02.2018.01

J. Beattie

引用次数: 0