Endocrine and Metabolic Science最新文献

{"title":"Cancer, deuterium, and gut microbes: A novel perspective","authors":"Stephanie Seneff ,&nbsp;Anthony M. Kyriakopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deuterium is a natural isotope of hydrogen, containing a neutron as well as a proton, which makes it twice as heavy as hydrogen. In this paper, we develop a theoretical argument that human metabolism strives to minimize the amount of deuterium in mitochondrial water, because it causes a stutter in ATPase pumps, introducing excess reactive oxygen species and reduced ATP production. Gut microbes produce hydrogen gas that is 80 % depleted in deuterium (deupleted). This gas is recycled into organic matter that supplies deupleted nutrients to the host, such as acetate, butyrate, and choline. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many chronic diseases, most notably, cancer. Dehydrogenases, through proton tunneling, typically have a high deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE), and they supply deupleted protons to the ATPase pumps via NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) synthesis. We propose that a tumor may arise as a consequence of mitochondrial stress in immune cells due to excess deuterium, and that the tumor microenvironment can support immune cell recovery from mitochondrial dysfunction. Cancer cells alter protein expression to support deuterium sequestration through membrane-bound vesicular ATPase, and they release deupleted nutrients, mainly lactate, into the extracellular milieu and the circulation. Deuterium depleted water (DDW) has been shown to prolong life in cancer patients. An organic high fat diet rich in B vitamins, especially niacin, riboflavin, and folate, augmented with natural prebiotics and probiotics, supports deuterium homeostasis and likely protects from cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sirtuin, irisin, and vitamin D as predictors of diabetes mellitus with uncontrolled glycemia in Indonesian patients","authors":"Elly Herwana ,&nbsp;Yenny ,&nbsp;Alvina ,&nbsp;Kurniasari ,&nbsp;Clarissa Asha Febinia ,&nbsp;Pusparini","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in developing countries, including Indonesia. Insulin resistance is a significant contributor to elevated blood glucose levels in type-2 diabetes patients. Low levels of serum sirtuin-1, irisin, and vitamin D have been linked to insulin resistance. This study aimed to identify risk factors that could predict uncontrolled glycemia and insulin resistance in Indonesian type-2 diabetes patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 73 adults from South Jakarta, Indonesia, in which we examined type-2 diabetes risk factors and biomarkers, including sex, age, body mass index, waist circumference, waist–to–hip ratio, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, fasting insulin, sirtuin-1, irisin, and vitamin D levels. The subjects were categorized into two groups based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index to assess glycemic control and insulin resistance, respectively. We compared risk factor profiles between groups and analyzed multivariate relationships with logistic regression. Our findings revealed that 54 % of the subjects had uncontrolled glycemia, whereas only 11 % had insulin resistance. There was a significant association between uncontrolled glycemia and reduced sirtuin-1 levels (odds ratio = 4.07; <em>p</em> = 0.03), which was confirmed in the multivariate analysis (beta = 5.41, <em>p</em> = 0.014) along with FBG (beta = 36.88, <em>p</em> = 0.001). Irisin showed a marginal association with insulin resistance in both univariate (odds ratio = 0.12; <em>p</em> = 0.027) and multivariate analyses (beta = 0.09; <em>p</em> = 0.049). In conclusion, sirtuin-1, in addition to FBG, is a potential marker for assessing glycemic control in type-2 diabetes patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing diabetes risk assessment through Bayesian networks: An in-depth study on the Pima Indian population","authors":"Xiaoling Liang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Song ,&nbsp;Weibing Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to enhance diabetes mellitus (DM) risk assessment using Bayesian Networks (BNs) and explore their unique capability for risk inference within the Pima Indian population. The primary goal was to move beyond traditional binary DM classification and instead focus on a comprehensive estimation of disease risk, considering the complex interplay of risk factors. The study employed the well-established Pima Indian dataset to assess diabetes risk. BNs were utilized to model the intricate interdependencies among risk factors and provide a nuanced understanding of disease susceptibility, including Bayesian risk reasoning for inferring probabilities of unknown nodes. Logistic regression (LR) was employed as a comparative benchmark to underscore BNs' advantages. BNs demonstrated a distinct advantage over conventional LR, as evidenced by their superior AUC value on the training dataset. This outcome highlighted BNs' capacity to capture intricate variable interactions and perform risk inference, thus enhancing predictive accuracy. The study also showcased BNs' resilience to real-world data distribution nuances, despite a slight decline in AUC on the testing dataset. This research substantiates the potency of BNs in augmenting diabetes risk assessment. The integration of BNs illuminates complex interplay among variables and enables a comprehensive risk evaluation, leveraging Bayesian risk reasoning for nuanced assessments. The study underscores the pivotal role of BNs in elucidating intricate causal relationships, contributing to the broader discourse on leveraging Bayesian methods for health risk prediction. The findings underscore the potential for personalized healthcare interventions aimed at managing DM and mitigating its societal burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etiopathogenesis and management updates on the comorbidity depression – Diabetes: A review of literature","authors":"Roland Muyisa Muhindo","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Comorbidity depression – diabetes is a common condition and is often associated with complications and high mortality. Both of these conditions are due to genetic predispositions associated with environmental factors. Many mechanisms explain the occurrence of this comorbidity. Two are the most studied: the involvement of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. For the management, the management of depression in diabetics does not consist of a simple combination of antidepressants with antidiabetics but global management including medicinal and non-drug means. New drugs targeting NRH2 are in development. They would act on comorbidity depression – diabetes at the same time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the synergistic effects of gamma-glutamyl transferase with homocysteine, ferritin, and uric acid in patients with type II diabetes mellitus","authors":"Simin Shirvani ,&nbsp;Masomeh Halvaeezade ,&nbsp;Maryam Avazzade ,&nbsp;Morteza Golbashirzadeh ,&nbsp;Atousa Moradzadegan","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><div>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern, with oxidative stress implicated in its onset and progression. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) as a marker of oxidative stress with homocysteine (Hcy), uric acid (UA), and ferritin in T2DM patients compared to healthy individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This case-control study included 200 participants, with 100 T2DM patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the Ahvaz Pasteur pathology laboratory. Serum glucose and ferritin levels were measured using the Cobas E411 autoanalyzer (ECL method), and γ-GT, Hcy, and UA levels were measured using the Pentra C400 analyzer (photometric method). Data were analyzed using XLSTAT and SPSS software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant correlation was found between fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2-h postprandial (2hpp) glucose levels with ferritin serum levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>r</em> = 0.419 and <em>P</em> = 0.002, <em>r</em> = 0.290, respectively), indicating ferritin's role in T2DM development. Ferritin levels were significantly related to γ-GT levels (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>r</em> = 0.359) and correlated with Hcy (<em>P</em> = 0.001, <em>r</em> = 0.336) and UA (<em>P</em> = 0.02, <em>r</em> = 0.218) in T2DM patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the role of oxidative stress and the synergistic effects of γ-GT and ferritin in T2DM development, underscoring their potential as cost-effective and widely available markers for predicting T2DM in clinical practice. Unlike previous studies, which focused individually on oxidative stress markers, this research uniquely combines γ-GT with Hcy, UA, and ferritin, providing a comprehensive assessment of oxidative stress in T2DM patients.</div></div><div><h3>Main points</h3><div><ul><li><span>1.</span><span><div><strong>Role of Oxidative Stress in T2DM</strong>: The study investigates the role of oxidative stress markers, particularly gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and ferritin, in the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</div></span></li><li><span>2.</span><span><div><strong>Correlation with Other Biomarkers</strong>: Significant correlations were found between ferritin levels and other biomarkers such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), 2-hour postprandial (2hpp) glucose, homocysteine (Hcy), and uric acid (UA) in T2DM patients.</div></span></li><li><span>3.</span><span><div><strong>Predictive Value in Clinical Practice</strong>: The study highlights the potential of γ-GT and ferritin as cost-effective and widely available assays for predicting T2DM in clinical practice</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing nanoscale innovations for enhanced healing of diabetic foot ulcers","authors":"Marwan Al-Raeei","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we explore the transformative potential of nanomaterials in managing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a significant complication affecting millions of individuals globally. These chronic wounds pose substantial challenges in diabetes care, often leading to severe infections and amputations. We emphasize that traditional treatment modalities are insufficient, thereby necessitating innovative approaches. Nanomaterials, characterized by unique physicochemical properties at the nanoscale, enhance biological interactions, facilitating accelerated healing, and targeted drug delivery. We discuss various applications of nanomaterials, from their intrinsic antimicrobial capabilities—exemplified by silver nanoparticles—to their role in promoting cell proliferation and migration critical for effective tissue repair. Furthermore, we highlight their capacity for controlled drug release and improved oxygen supply, both vital for optimal wound healing. This comprehensive review delineates the steps required for integrating nanomaterials into clinical practice, stressing the importance of thorough research, formulation, regulatory approval, and personalized treatment strategies. By leveraging these advanced materials, we assert that significant advancements in DFU management can be achieved, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Our findings underscore the necessity for ongoing research aimed at optimizing the application of nanomaterials in wound care, thereby paving the way for innovative, evidence-based practices that address the complex challenges inherent in diabetic foot ulcer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic and meta-analyses of diabetic retinopathy and its care-related predictors after diabetic mellitus treatment initiation in Ethiopia","authors":"Aboma Motuma ,&nbsp;Abdi Birhanu ,&nbsp;Lemma Demissie Regassa ,&nbsp;Sina Tolera ,&nbsp;Alemayehu Deressa ,&nbsp;Usmael Jibro ,&nbsp;Mulugeta Gamachu ,&nbsp;Moti Tolera ,&nbsp;Adera Debella ,&nbsp;Bikila Balis ,&nbsp;Addis Eyeberu ,&nbsp;Fethia Mohammed ,&nbsp;Ibsa Mussa","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that affects the blood vessels of the retina and cause vision loss and blindness. DR is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in low-and middle-income countries where access to screening and treatment is limited. Although Ethiopia has implemented a strategic plan targeting DM care improvement to reduce complications from 2020 to 2025, retinopathy is a severe complication among DM patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess diabetic retinopathy among DM patients after treatment initiation in Ethiopia from 2020/2021 to 2024/2025 after the strategy was implemented.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed articles from Scholar, PubMed, Excerpta Medical Database (EMBASE), Cochrane Library, and MESH Medline. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA version 17. The pooled risk of new diabetic retinopathy among diabetes patients who started DM treatment was estimated. To minimize the effect of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed by geographical region and year of publication (between 2020 and 2023). Publication bias was detected using a funnel plot, with P &lt; 0.05 assumed to indicate potential publication bias. The I² test was used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The pooled risk of diabetic retinopathy among treated DM patients was 25.43% (95% CI: 18.1, 32.7) from 2020 to 2023. The incidence of DR was 28.6% in the South Nation, Nationalities, and People (SNNPs) region, followed by Oromia (31.35%) and Amhara (22.93%). Care-related factors such as receiving a combination of DM medication (AOR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.47–0.82, n=3), having good glycemic control (AOR=0.24, 95% CI; 0.17–0.33, n=4), and comorbidities with hypertension (AOR=1.39, 95% CI; 1.17–1.87, n=4) were predictors of diabetic retinopathy development among DM patients at follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Even if the studies could not be combined due to high heterogeneity, they demonstrated that diabetic complications, particularly DR, are still high after starting treatment among DM patients in Ethiopia. Care-related factors such as treatment modalities, glycemic control levels, and comorbidities with hypertension should be appropriately screened and managed to reduce the burden of DR among DM patients receiving follow-up care in Ethiopia. Moreover, Ethiopia should evaluate the already set plan implementation status to achieve the target set by 2025.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CtBP: A mediator of a metabolic switch from homeostasis to carcinogenesis","authors":"Saumya Shukla,&nbsp;Raghvendra Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dimeric form of C-terminus binding protein (CtBP), which is responsible for a balanced transcription rate of genes involved in the homeostatic processes, is a global corepressor. CtBP dimerization and formation of the CtBP corepressor complex require NADH. Under a normal NADH/NAD+ ratio, CtBP is in the dimeric form while, when NADH/NAD+ decreases, it converts into a monomeric form. The monomeric form of CtBP inhibits histone acetyltransferase p300, which plays an important role in the packaging of newly replicated and repaired DNA into chromatin by acetylating the histone H3 core domain lysine 56 (H3K56). Further, by inhibiting p300, the monomeric form of CtBP inhibits NFκB, which plays an important role in the innate immune response toward neoantigens. Furthermore, NFκB causes the transcription of IL-6, which is important in the resolution of the innate immune response. Moreover, by inhibiting p300, the monomeric CtBP inhibits p53, the guardian of the genome. Thus, by inhibiting p300, the monomeric form of CtBP may be involved in carcinogenesis when NADH/NAD+ ratio decreases. In contrast, hypoxia increases the NADH/NAD+ ratio, generating the dimeric form of CtBP and relieving the inhibition of p300 by the monomeric CtBP. The higher NADH/NAD+ ratio and p300 activity under hypoxia mask the instability of cancer cells, confer invasive properties, cause COX-2 expression, increase the transactivation activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and cause drug resistance through NFκB. Thus, p300, regulated by NADH/NAD+ ratio through CtBP, works as a double-edged sword in cancer initiation and progression, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, mitophagy and oxidative stress in gestational obesity: A review","authors":"Karenth Milena Rodríguez-Córdoba ,&nbsp;Sofia Agreda Soto ,&nbsp;Jenniffer Alejandra Castellanos Garzón ,&nbsp;Maria Carolina Pustovrh-Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maternal obesity is a major global health problem with serious implications for maternal and fetal well-being. It creates a lipotoxic environment in the placenta, characterised by increased inflammation, oxidative stress and disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. The aim of this review is to explore the intricate interactions between mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy in the context of gestational obesity. Adverse mitochondrial adaptations associated with maternal obesity contribute to placental dysfunction, impairing its ability to support healthy fetal development and increasing the risk of metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases in the offspring. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates oxidative stress, creating a vicious cycle that further impairs cellular processes. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to improve mitochondrial function and placental health, ultimately reducing long-term health risks for both mother and child.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143156560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study between metformin and insulin on biochemical variables in diabetic patients","authors":"Maha Elttayef Jasim ,&nbsp;Noor Essam Abdul-Razzaq","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to inadequate insulin production or inefficient use of insulin by the body's cells. It poses significant health risks, including cardiovascular disease and kidney damage, affecting millions worldwide. Management involves careful monitoring of blood glucose levels, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes insulin therapy to maintain optimal health.so Metformin is a widely prescribed oral medication used to manage type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity.</div><div>The study was conducted in the period from February to March 2023, where a blood sample was collected from males aged from 30 to 50 years. The samples were divided into 15 healthy people as control, 12 samples with diabetes type 2, 12 samples with diabetes type 2 who are treated with metformin, and 12 samples with diabetes type 2 who are treated with insulin injections. The samples were separated in a centrifuge at 4000 rpm, then divided to 10 fractions and stored in the freezer until biochemical tests were performed for the study.</div><div>The results showed A significant increase at Glucose and HbA1C in all groups compared with control. So total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein decrease in diabetic and treatment with insulin injections compared all groups, triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein increase in all diabetic groups compared with control. Alanin trans aminase showed decrease value in diabetic group and treatment with insulin injections compared with all groups but aspartate trans aminase showed result opposite.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of study</h3><div>Since diabetes is a chronic disease, it is necessary to know the effects of the most famous treatments taken by diabetics, which are metformin and insulin, on the lipid profile and liver and kidney functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}