Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy最新文献

{"title":"EVALUATION OF CRUDE OILS AND NATURAL GASES OF KURDISTAN-IRAQ BY CATALYTIC IMPROVEMENTS TO LIGHTER OILS USING LOCAL CLAYS","authors":"S. Naman, L. Jamil, Firas Al-Gulami, S. Simo, Maher K. Ali","doi":"10.2495/eq180081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/eq180081","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical and physical properties of three different crude oils and two natural gas wells in Kurdistan-Iraq have been studied according to American Standard Test Method (ASTM) methods. Auto-distillations have been used to determine the changes in each cut, and gas–liquid chromatography has been used to find the approximate chemical constituents. A distribution diagram of paraffin, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons has been created. The gasoline cuts for each crude oil have been examined to find suitable octane additives (oxygenated or metal organic). The octane number increases as a function of the amount of additives, which has been plotted. A correlation between the trace metals and the types of hydrocarbons has been carried out for each crude oil. The improvement of these crude oils is achieved catalytically by reactions at high temperatures using different local clays, which gave us increases in lighter molecules by 7% (max). Chemical reactions are suggested for this improvement. X-ray analysis is also performed for each clay. Research is carried out on one gas–liquid well (Khor Mor) and another pure natural gas well. Gas chromatography analysis for Khor Mor shows 51% C1– C5 and 49% C6–C11, while other natural gas wells contain 98% methane. The natural gas of the Kirkuk wells contained approximately 10–12% hydrogen sulfide, which we separated using ethanolamines, and converted to hydrogen fuel and sulfur at two pilot plants using a new catalyst instead of the previous Clause process, producing about 143 tons of hydrogen per day.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"24 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114017465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STABILIZATION COLUMNS IN OIL AND GAS PROCESSING","authors":"D. Ermolin, E. Magaril, R. Magaril","doi":"10.2495/EQ180071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180071","url":null,"abstract":"Rectification process is widely used in oil and gas processing and petrochemistry. The composition of the bottom product of the rectification column usually differs from the equilibrium composition due to significantly higher content of light components or fractions. This stipulates a necessity to include into the technological schemes of several oil refining processes a stabilization unit that are meant to ensure separation of gases and liquid products. A highly relevant task is to explore new possibilities for improving the stabilization process. The aim of the present work was to improve the stabilization process by changing the operating pressure. It was found that increasing the pressure in the stabilization column enhanced the sharpness of separation of butanes from pentanes, which resulted in improving the quality of the products. The experimental-industrial runs confirmed the possibility of increasing the efficiency of stabilization columns in various processes by increasing the pressure within acceptable limits.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122161646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A NEW BIPV BRICK PAVING THE WAY TO ENERGY-GENERATING CONCRETE FAÇADE","authors":"M. Horgnies, I. Dubois-Brugger, Fabienne Legrand","doi":"10.2495/eq180111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/eq180111","url":null,"abstract":"A significant part of the world global energy consumption is used to heat and/or and cool buildings. While insulation regulations are gradually strengthened in several counties, decentralized energy generation (such as the building-integrated photovoltaic, BIPV) is more and more considered as a strong lever to improve the energy self-consumption of the building and mitigate the impact of the large urban areas on climate change. Our researches aim to promote new photovoltaic systems on the concretebased envelop (more especially by the way of an aesthetical cladding system) in order to increase the value of residential and office buildings. A durable multi-layer’s system based on ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), specific structural adhesives and solar cells (or films) has been developed to be directly cladded on the façades of buildings. After demonstrating the durability of the multilayers using different aging tests in laboratory, the production of a fully integrated cladding system, based on concrete, has been demonstrated in pre-cast plant in 2017. The next step, under progress, is the building of an outdoor demonstrator, which will be helpful to give proofs of durability under weathering and monitor the efficiency the PV façade panels for different sun exposures over several years.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116022899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIAGNOSTICS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF POWER-GENERATING COMPANIES","authors":"A. Domnikov, E. Antipova, L. Domnikova","doi":"10.2495/EQ180031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180031","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of a study of the processes of development of power-generating companies in the conditions of high risks and uncertainty. To reduce the impact of uncertainty on the prospects of energy business development in the field of energy generation, a system of diagnostics of the competitiveness of power-generating companies is proposed. This system makes it possible to identify the threats associated with the reduction of competitiveness and provide information and analytical support to the management of companies to create effective management decisions. The developed system of diagnostics is based on mathematical modeling using procedures of discriminant and cluster analysis. The diagnostic process identifies and evaluates the factors that affect the increase in risks and reduce the investment attractiveness of the energy business in the energy generation sector by centralized energy sources. This makes it possible to use the potential advantages of the market situation to improve the competitiveness of power-generating companies. The system of diagnostics of competitiveness of the power generating companies developed by authors is the effective analytical tool which raises quality and objectivity of the made administrative decisions. This will make it possible to avoid the appearance of adverse consequences, which may lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of power-generating companies in the electricity and heat markets.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"335 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115879707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRITICALITIES AND POTENTIALITIES OF LOCAL RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY","authors":"L. Adami, G. Castagna, E. Magaril, Ramona Giurea, Navarro Ferronato, G. Ruggieri, V. Torretta, E. Rada","doi":"10.2495/EQ180101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180101","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we will discuss about the potential of renewable energies available in a relatively small territorial context, such as municipalities, and the various problems interfering with a full exploitation of said potential. Since the launch of Covenant of Mayors, CoM, in 2008, thousands of local governments committed on volunteer basis in reaching or even exceeding, to the EU targets with regards to climate change and renewable energies for the years to come. Every local government committed to the CoM needs to produce the SEAP (Sustainable Energy Action Plan), which highlights the actions that the government is willing to implement in order to achieve the target set by the CoM (referred either to the 2020 or to the 2030). While studying the local context, many problems of various nature often arise which can be detrimental for the full exploitation of the potential of renewable resources available. This article displays a few examples of local governments located around the world and the problems encountered while writing their SEAP, related to geographical position, types of agricultural, industrial and commercial activities in the area, plants already operative, financial situation of the local government and the population living in the area. The possible areas of intervention include energy efficiency works on public and private buildings, traffic reduction strategies, energy recovery systems applied to factories and industrial plants, solar thermal, photovoltaic and wind power installations, material and energy recovery processes applied to waste management and hydroelectric power installations.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117295281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPECIAL WASTE VALORIZATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION UNDER A CIRCULAR ECONOMY: WHICH PRIORITIES?","authors":"E. Rada","doi":"10.2495/EQ180141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180141","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union regulation for emissions from waste incinerators had a significant evolution in the last 20 years. That allowed reaching a clear improvement in the environmental performances of the plants, synchronized with specific requests of compliance of the more and more stringent limits set at regulatory level. Today the main questions for the sector in Europe seem mostly related to the role of waste to energy plants in a scenario of circular economy and to the role of those plants in the generation of energy only in part renewable. It seems that the topic of the local environmental and health impact has become out to date in European Union. In spite of that, a big question remains on the suitability of the present regulation for the future of the sector, including co-incineration by the use of Secondary Recovered Fuel from waste as substitute of coal in cement works. The present article analyzes an aspect that should be a priority higher than the concept of circular economy and energy generation. Indeed, a question remains on the criticalities that could be present in the European Union for under-estimation of the role of heavy metals, in spite of the evolution of the regulation. If we look at the experience of the University of Trento (where the Author worked in various research projects since 2003) the last decade has been characterized by recurrent warnings from that University about the excessive simplification of the regulation in case of heavy metals. As an example, in case of waste incineration, a set of heavy metals are managed by summing their concentrations to be compared as sum to the regulation limit: no valorization of the specific knowledge on toxicity is made. In order to point out the consequences of this simplification, a few case-studies demonstrating a potential criticality on the role of CrVI are discussed. A control methodology integrating the present one is discussed in this article, to propose a solution suitable to avoid under-estimations of human exposure to heavy metals from incineration and co-incineration. This approach is particularly important when special waste is combusted as the composition of the input can present heavy metals concentrations higher than municipal solid waste.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134132800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVENANT OF MAYORS COMMITTED TO LOCAL SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: THE ITALIAN CASE","authors":"L. Adami, G. Castagna, M. Ragazzi, M. Tubino","doi":"10.2495/EQ180041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180041","url":null,"abstract":"The Paris agreement fixed worldwide targets on the temperature increase below 2°C in the XXI century. Presently 176 countries ratified this framework. With the 20-20-20 package, the European Commission fixes three targets: (i) reduction of the European greenhouse gas emissions at least 20% below 1990 levels by 2020, (ii) 20% of EU energy consumption must come from renewable resources by 2020 and (iii) 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, by improving energy efficiency. To achieve these global targets, Covenant of Mayor was launched in 2008 as a voluntary initiative for local administrations that decide to adopt a plan of interventions concerning greenhouse gas mitigations achieving and exceeding the EU climate and energy targets. In the present paper, we analyse the global results of the initiative during its first decade of activity, focusing on the Italian case at national level, since it is presently the leading country in terms of population involved.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121750298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REDESIGN OF AN AXIAL COMPRESSOR WITH MASS FLOW REDUCTION OF 30%","authors":"V. Sedunin, Y. Brodov, O. Komarov, Vitaliy Leonidovich Blinov, A. V. Skorokhodov, S. A. Serkov","doi":"10.2495/EQ180091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180091","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper redesign process of an axial compressor of a Gas Turbine for mechanical drive is discussed together with computational results and experimental data. The goal of the project was to reduce compressor mass flow by 30% and at the same time to increase compressor specific work by about 10%. This could not be achieved by conventional methods such as re-staggering of Inlet Guide Vanes. Throughflow and CFD calculations were performed for redesigned versions. As a result an updated compressor was produced for the real engine and achieved design objectives. This paper shows how the swept area distribution along the compressor affects stage loading distribution and surge limits.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129200269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT DECISIONS TOWARDS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN PUBLIC CONTEXTS: APPLICATION TO HAND-DRYING OPTIONS","authors":"M. Schiavon, M. Ragazzi, G. Coller, Navarro Ferronato, V. Torretta, E. Rada","doi":"10.2495/EQ180061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180061","url":null,"abstract":"Different hand-drying methods entail different costs and impacts on humans and the environment. This paper presents a methodology to facilitate the decision on the convenience of installing electrical hand driers in place of the conventional toilet paper towels in the restrooms of public places. Specifically, a procedure including both economic and environmental aspects is proposed and the Monte Carlo method is employed to account for the several uncertainties of all the variables involved. From the economic point of view, the number of daily usages of restrooms results as the key variable determining if one option is preferable to the other. From the environmental point of view, the carbon footprint was calculated for four scenarios considering two options for the electric energy grid mix and two options for waste treatment. The comparison between the four scenarios revealed that hand driers may be preferable to paper towels when the waste treatment alternative is landfilling. The results are more uncertain when the waste treatment option is incineration. The integration of economic and environmental aspects reveals as a useful strategy to fully assess the convenience of choosing one option rather than another, without limiting the decision to only one aspect. Additional information on processes and logistics are anyway necessary to reduce the uncertainties of the results.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126894745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENERGY AND THE CITY","authors":"Aliyu B. Dahiru, S. Adeshina, M. K. Halidu","doi":"10.2495/EQ180051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ180051","url":null,"abstract":"By concept and analysis, cities are known to be the center stage for the consumption of energy. Their formations are directly related to the building arrangement and road networks, which are factors that are directly determined by the ministry of urban planning and development. This research work is designed to establish the relative magnitudes of energy consumption in buildings in comparison to transportation network, with a clear knowledge that points out the relationships between buildings and transportation in the context of climate change and social inclination in cities. The main objective of the paper is to examine the energy trends and implications of urbanization by making reference to building density and proffer strategic solutions.","PeriodicalId":341600,"journal":{"name":"Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century III: The Quest for Sustainable Energy","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121919656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}