Developments in the Built Environment最新文献

{"title":"Experimental approach to reduce uncertainty in estimating the thermal performance of buildings’ envelopes in hot climates","authors":"Nourhan M. Waly ,&nbsp;Hamdy Hassan ,&nbsp;Ryo Murata ,&nbsp;David J. Sailor ,&nbsp;Hatem Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to reduce uncertainty in key thermal performance parameters of Cooling Load Temperature Difference CLTD and U-values used to estimate the energy demand of buildings in hot arid regions. A developed methodology that combines experimental and mathematical approaches is employed. A coupled experimental approach <em>(QIRT/THM)</em> is introduced with modifications to improve the results accuracy. The experimental approach achieved up to 93% correlation coefficient with the standard data estimation. Despite the high correlation, estimated cooling loads using tabular data and the experimental values, hold a potential difference of up to 36%. A correction equation was suggested to narrow the calculations gap under specific context. These findings could have substantial implications for reducing uncertainty by standardizing the thermal performance of buildings. Recognizing the substantial impact of building envelopes, the findings contribute to more accurate estimations which play a significant role in narrowing the Energy Performance Gap in hot climate regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100589"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-functional properties of low-carbon travertine aggregate pervious concrete modified by waste limestone powder","authors":"Tianzhen Li ,&nbsp;Xiaonan Tang ,&nbsp;Jun Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mining and crushing of limestone and travertine generate substantial quantities of powder and debris, which are typically discarded as solid waste in landfills, posing environmental concerns. To promote waste utilization, this study introduced an innovative pervious concrete combined with travertine aggregate substituting natural aggregate and limestone powder (LSP) as a cement substitute (TALPPC). Different properties of TALPPC were tested and characterized. The results showed that incorporating 5–20% LSP into TALPPC marginally decreased compressive strength, but TALPPC became lighter and had good freeze-thaw resistance. LSP's addition mitigated permeability and porosity by filling concrete pores proportional to its content. Notably, TALPPC demonstrated peak Pb²⁺ immobilization under the ternary competitive mechanism, with LSP enhancing heavy metal ion adsorption. The laboratory-scale TALPPC pavements displayed remarkable heavy metal adsorption capacities and significantly reduced runoff. Given its waste recycling potential, CO₂ mitigation, and engineering suitability, the utilization of 15% LSP in TALPPC production was advised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100590"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-level optimisation of feature extraction networks for concrete surface crack detection","authors":"Faris Elghaish ,&nbsp;Sandra Matarneh ,&nbsp;Farzad Pour Rahimian ,&nbsp;Essam Abdellatef ,&nbsp;David Edwards ,&nbsp;Obuks Ejohwomu ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdelmegid ,&nbsp;Chansik Park","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing utilisation of deep learning (DL) for detecting and classifying distress in concrete surfaces, the demand for accurate and precise models has risen. This study proposes a novel empirical approach of multilayer optimisation for two prominent DL models, namely ResNet101 and Xception, to classify distress in concrete surfaces. Both models were trained using 20,000 images depicting various types of cracks and tested with another set of 20,000 images. Four algorithms (Sequential Motion Optimisation (SMO), shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA), grey wolf optimisation (GWO), walrus optimisation (WO)) were then applied to enhance classification accuracy. After evaluating the DL models’ overall performance, the four algorithms were grouped into two layers. The first layer comprised SMO, SFLA, GWO and their combined application. Subsequently, the second stage implemented the WO optimiser to enhance performance further. The outcomes demonstrated a substantial positive impact on the accuracy of both CNN models. Specifically, ResNet101 achieved 98.9% accuracy and Xception reached 99.2% accuracy. In the accuracy breakdown, ResNet101 achieved 97.6% accuracy and Xception achieved 98.3% accuracy in the first stage, compared to 87.4% for Xception and 83.1% for ResNet101 before optimisation. Given that this approach achieves over 99% accuracy in detecting cracks on concrete surfaces, it offers a significant improvement in the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of structural health surveys for large buildings. Furthermore, it provides structural engineers with precise data to accurately determine and implement the required maintenance actions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100587"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing hysteretic behavior in rubberized reinforced concrete beams through a pre-mixing technique","authors":"Mehrdad Alizadeh,&nbsp;Payam Asadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Eftekhar,&nbsp;Davood Mostofinejad","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycled rubber presents a promising approach to enhancing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures and promoting sustainability. Incorporating rubber into the concrete matrix can help address the environmental issue of waste tire disposal while improving conventional concrete's ductility and energy absorption. However, increasing rubber content can paradoxically reduce energy absorption. Therefore, achieving optimal bonding between rubber and cement is crucial to maximizing the benefits of rubberized concrete (RuC). This study aims to overcome these challenges by exploring the potential of a pre-mixing technique to improve the overall seismic performance of RuC structures. To this end, the study investigates the cyclic flexural response of RC beams containing 15% rubber content, focusing on a novel pre-mixing technique designed to enhance rubber-cement bonding. Mechanical experiments were conducted on specimens, including conventional concrete (CC), unmodified RuC, and pre-mixed RuC. The study analyzes the impact of rubber content and pre-mixing on the energy absorption and ductility of the flexural hinge, evaluating factors such as pinching behavior and stiffness degradation. Results demonstrate that, to achieve 70% of their ultimate strength after peak load, pre-mixed beams exhibit a 235% higher cumulative energy absorption compared to both CC and unmodified RuC beams. Notably, pre-mixed beams exhibited significantly less pinching behavior and experienced a substantial reduction in both strength and stiffness degradation (52% and 30%, respectively) during successive cycles compared to unmodified rubberized beams. Further studies are recommended to investigate the effects of mixing composition on optimizing performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortars with enhanced chemical resistance: Effects of sulphuric acid exposure","authors":"Bruna S. Santos ,&nbsp;Wesley B.S. Machini ,&nbsp;Gina Matias ,&nbsp;Nelson F.S.T. Moreira ,&nbsp;Paulo M.M. Portugal ,&nbsp;Isabel Torres ,&nbsp;António Tadeu ,&nbsp;João A.S. Almeida","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a comparative study on the mechanical, microstructural and chemical properties of mortars with enhanced chemical resistance was performed to investigate the effects of sulphuric acid attack. For this, specimens of ordinary and improved formulations were immersed in water and sulphuric acid at pH 0.0 for 14 days, assessing the relative residual compressive strength and corrosion depth. The sulphuric acid attack resulted in pronounced changes in the mechanical properties and severe corrosion for the ordinary mortar. In contrast, the improved mortars exhibited moderate to high acid resistance (relative residual strengths up to 94.6% and minimal corrosion depth of 0.5 mm). A significant quality gain of up to 49% and 180% was also observed when comparing the improved mortars with a reference mortar resistant to acid in terms of relative residual compressive strength and corrosion depth, respectively. The effect of sulphuric acid attack on the microstructure and chemical composition of mortars was further evaluated by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar-based feature point tensor voting for semi-rigid base asphalt pavement crack detection","authors":"Zhiyong Huang ,&nbsp;Guoyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoning Zhang ,&nbsp;Bo Zang ,&nbsp;Huayang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional Ground penetrating radar (3D-GPR) has been widely applied in nondestructive testing of concealed cracks within asphalt pavement. However, due to the weak GPR echo characteristics of concealed cracks and their susceptibility to environmental noise, automatic recognition of crack echo features has always faced significant challenges. To address this issue, numerous semi-rigid base crack images were collected and extracted using feature point tensor voting with 3D-GPR's efficient, non-destructive road structure detection. In this paper, the radar image is gridded by the ECA-ResNet network, and the center point of the detected crack grid is used as the feature point, and the continuous path of the crack is reconstructed by the tensor voting algorithm. The results show that this method achieves 90% crack extraction, which is superior to traditional target detection networks such as YOLOv5 and Fast R-CNN, providing an effective tool for rapid non-destructive detection of pavement cracks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100591"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-stage prediction of drift ratio limits of corroded RC columns based on interpretable machine learning methods","authors":"Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Yizhi Qiu ,&nbsp;Liuzhuo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RC columns exposed to harsh environments are susceptible to internal reinforcement corrosion, leading to a reduction in lateral deformation capacity. The accurate prediction of drift ratio limits (DRLs) for corroded RC columns (CRCCs) across various damage states is crucial for reliable damage assessment and seismic resilience analysis. Current literatures remain inadequate for predicting DRLs for CRCCs with diverse service life. To address this gap, this paper introduces a two-stage machine learning (ML) approach for the simultaneous prediction of DRLs in CRCCs, utilizing quasi-static test data from 290 corroded column specimens. In the first stage, a failure mode recognition model and a single-output DRL prediction model were developed using the XGBoost algorithm. This model is then combined with the SHAP method to facilitate feature importance ranking and model interpretability. Building on the insights gained from failure mode recognition and feature importance ranking in the first stage, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was employed in the second stage to achieve multi-output prediction of DRLs. The findings indicate that the SHAP-based interpretable ML method offers profound understanding of the intricate associations between failure modes and DRLs, design parameters and corrosion rate. The proposed DNN model is capable of concurrently outputting multiple DRLs while balancing the accuracy and efficiency, and signifies a notable advancement beyond traditional methodologies for estimating the lateral deformation capacity of CRCCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting long-term tensile degradation of GFRP rebars embedded in concrete with a reconsidered environmental reduction factor CE","authors":"Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Yajie Zhou ,&nbsp;Yao Lu ,&nbsp;Linyuwen Ke ,&nbsp;Haoliang Wu ,&nbsp;Weiwen Li ,&nbsp;Christopher K.Y. Leung","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) has been considered as an advanced material to replace conventional steel reinforcements in concrete structures to address the corrosion issue. The degradation of GFRP rebars, which may threaten both the durability and safety of infrastructures, is a major concern. To predict the 100-year strength retention of GFRP under various temperature and relative humidity conditions, the environmental reduction factor (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) is applied in engineering. The conventional <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> based on the assumption of logarithmic degradation model is commonly utilized during the degradation phase spanning from a few years to decades; however, it is not applicable to the initial and perpetual degradation phases. To address this issue, a novel environmental reduction factor (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) based on the exponential degradation model considering temperature and relative humidity is proposed in this study. Both <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> are mathematically deduced from empirical degradation data and then evaluated in a case study involving GFRP-concrete samples soaked in water at 23, 40 or 60 °C for up to 12 months within the authors’ dataset. Experimental results show that the GFRP tensile strength degradation is closer to the exponential model, reaching a plateau (47.4%) after 12-month exposure to 60 °C water. Moreover, the tensile strength retention of GFRP rebars in Vancouver (10 °C), Shanghai (16 °C) and Houston (22 °C) is predicted considering various scenarios of relative humidities (0–90%). Further research indicates that <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> (0.65–0.78) exhibits a smaller value compared to <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> (0.81) at a temperature of 22 °C and a relative humidity of 90% following a 100-year exposure period, thereby providing engineers with a more conservative design approach for GFRP in real-world scenarios. Nevertheless, this exponential degradation model requires a thorough consideration of severe degradation state during the extended aging period, which may not be applicable to GFRP structures exhibiting exceptional durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100583"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bonding behavior of lap-spliced reinforcing bars embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete with steel fibers","authors":"Krairerk Aiamsri ,&nbsp;Teerasak Yaowarat ,&nbsp;Suksun Horpibulsuk ,&nbsp;Apichat Suddeepong ,&nbsp;Apinun Buritatum ,&nbsp;Kanchana Hiranwatthana ,&nbsp;Kirati Nitichote","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the bond strength of steel reinforcing bars in normal concrete (NC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with steel fibers, focusing on the behavior of lap-spliced rebars. Key variables such as rebar diameter (D), spacing (s), lap-splice length (L₁), and hook length (L₂) were evaluated to understand their impact on bond performance. Both NC and UHPC increase in bond strength with greater spacing and lap-splice length, with UHPC demonstrating significantly stronger bond characteristics due to its higher compressive strength. A novel predictive method for calculating bond strength is proposed, offering practical guidance for designing lap-spliced rebars in construction, and includes reduction factors tailored for realistic construction settings. This method achieves an error margin below ±16.5%, providing an accurate approach for practitioners. This rational method incorporates both engineering and economic considerations, particularly valuable for applications in precast concrete structures where enhanced bond performance and durability are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100585"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Assessing classroom ventilation rates using CO2 data from a nationwide study of UK schools and identifying school-wide correlation factors” [Develop. Built Environ. 19 100520]","authors":"Samuel G.A. Wood,&nbsp;Alice E.E. Handy,&nbsp;Katherine Roberts,&nbsp;Henry C. Burridge","doi":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100542","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34137,"journal":{"name":"Developments in the Built Environment","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100542"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}