{"title":"Making Electrical Contact to Layered Surfaces","authors":"R. Malucci","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671156","url":null,"abstract":"In many cases the metallic surface of a contact member consists of layers of conducting materials. Typically, one might find a combination of base metals plated with barrier layers such as nickel with a top coating of Gold, Tin or Palladium. These materials may have significantly different conductivities that impact the overall contact resistance of individual contact spots. In the present paper, the impact of under layers on resistance is considered using basic electromagnetic theory. Specifically, the approach used is the capacitance method as described in Holm's book on electrical contacts. These results are obtained by modifying the capacitance to include the effects of layer thickness and conductivity and show the impact on contact resistance. It is believed this approach provides accurate as well as additional capability over other methods such as provided by Williamson and Greenwood as discussed in this work.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational study for electronic interconnects and performance of solders and solder paste","authors":"Waliul Matin, M. Morrison, KhanFareed Ashraf","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671144","url":null,"abstract":"The interconnect contacts consisting of solder act as bottleneck in terms of reliability in electronic chips. Computations have been performed to investigate the efficacy of solders considering traditional ones and solder paste. The study focuses on solders and solder paste that can operate at various thermal load and material structures. In this study, Quilt Packaging, QP, Thru Silicon Via, TSV, and Flip chip structures have been utilized to find the effectiveness of the solders. The electroless solder or solder pastes are applied in narrow interconnect as done in quilt packaging, whereas other solders are used in wide connections that can carry substantial currents as observed in traditional interconnects. The chip as well as the interconnects can generate heat during operation; specifically, in hot spots, it can produce large temperature gradient resulting in increased thermal stress. The simulation demonstrates structural deformation due to dielectric or resistive heating. With the available fatigue parameters for the solders, plastic strain and failure have been computed for the structures. Finally, with the mentioned constraints, the simulation results indicate the material parameters to focus on when selecting solders.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131695140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingyu Bi, G. Flowers, Jinchun Gao, Junyu Luo, Wenjia Wang
{"title":"Impact of Signal Frequency on Passive Intermodulation in Coaxial Connectors","authors":"Lingyu Bi, G. Flowers, Jinchun Gao, Junyu Luo, Wenjia Wang","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671108","url":null,"abstract":"Passive intermodulation (PIM) from coaxial connectors can be a significant problem in the transmission of high frequency signals. A major source of this effect is nonlinearity resulting from magnetic materials in the connector fabrication. The PIM performance of a given coaxial connector is, generally, different at different frequencies. As communication frequency bands become denser, developing a better understanding of the passive intermodulation characteristics of coaxial connectors at different frequency bands and using that knowledge to improve connector designs becomes a critical concern. Accordingly, this research seeks to provide a theoretical basis for evaluating PIM performance in coaxial connectors at different frequency bands. In this study, passive intermodulation was analyzed from the perspective of material nonlinearity, with the magnetic material in the coaxial connector coatings considered as the source of the nonlinearity that drives this effect. The current flowing through the magnetic region in a sample coaxial connector configuration was simulated by finite element analysis for a variety of frequency bands. Combined with skin effect theory, the impact of signal frequency on PIM in coaxial connectors was investigated and modeled. The results from this model were validated with experimental tests. Specifically, a multi-band PIM test system was used to measure the third-order intermodulation product power of sample coaxial connectors with input signals from different frequency bands. The corresponding model results and the experimental results show good agreement.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128812682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haomiao Yuan, Dirk Hilmert, Abhay Shukla, Jian Song
{"title":"Effect of Direction of Motion on Fretting Corrosion Behaviour","authors":"Haomiao Yuan, Dirk Hilmert, Abhay Shukla, Jian Song","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671220","url":null,"abstract":"The vibrations in the system cause the micro-motions along different directions between the mating members of the electric connectors resulting in the fretting wear, which in turn cause the failure of connector due to fretting corrosion. A lot of work is available on fretting corrosion due to sliding motion along the insertion direction axis. However, the study of influence of motion in the directions perpendicular to the insertion direction on the fretting corrosion is not yet available. The micro-motions in the directions other than the insertion direction can also be a critical factor. Moreover, the motions in different directions result in the pitching and yawing apart from the sliding between mating components of connector. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of relative motion along the three perpendicular axes on the fretting wear and corrosion behaviour so as to identify the influence of the direction of motion. For this purpose, the test apparatus has been modified to enable the motion along the perpendicular axes along with consideration of effect of connector housing and wire.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116992531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaofeng Bai, Zijie Liao, Qian Wang, Jianning Yin, Xingwen Li
{"title":"Study of the movable contact fallback phenomenon in MCCB","authors":"Xiaofeng Bai, Zijie Liao, Qian Wang, Jianning Yin, Xingwen Li","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671104","url":null,"abstract":"Movable contact fallback may have disadvantageous effect on the interruption performance of low voltage molded case circuit breaker (MCCB). Based on short circuit experiments of one MCCB product, the occurrence of movable contact fallback phenomenon was predicted. In order to analyze the phenomenon more detailed, a multi-physical coupled model was proposed to simulate the interruption process. The model included three parts: firstly, the dynamic model of the operation mechanism was developed by ADAMS software, and its validity was verified by measuring the angular displacement of the main axis; secondly, the electro-magnetic forces acting on the movable contact and the armature of the magnetic release were calculated based on finite element method; finally, by embedding some self-programmed codes into ADAMS software to consider the above-mentioned electro-magnetic forces, the whole interruption process could be simulated. It demonstrates that the proposed model could be used to evaluate the interruption performance of MCCB qualitatively, especially for the movable contact fallback phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133224708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Mechanical Parameters on Switching Results of Electro-Mechanical Contactors","authors":"Timo Mützel, C. Hubrich, Johannes Tasch","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671118","url":null,"abstract":"The studies focus on early failures in electro-mechanical switching device endurance tests, such as contactor AC3 and AC4 lifetime test. Endurance tests in commercial contactors with different contact springs, providing variations in contact normal load, were performed with focus on possible influences on make/break characteristics and temperature rise. Furthermore, the impact of aged contact springs and therefore relaxation effects with several types of contact springs were studied. Another part focused on the impact of closing momentum on contact bouncing by application of different driving coils (AC vs. DC drives) and thus in relation to electrical lifetime. In conclusion all tests show the importance of mechanical boundary conditions to contactor endurance, and their significance as basis for proper contact material benchmarking.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116484932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deterioration and Breakdown Mechanisms in force-fitted current-carrying Connections between Aluminum and Tin","authors":"M. Oberst, Christian Hildmann, Stephan Schlegel","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671165","url":null,"abstract":"Crimped connections between aluminum and tin-plated conductors have a stable long-term behavior when installed correctly. In contrast, current-carrying connections between aluminum and tin-plated conductors without an intense deformation at assembly, e.g. bolted joints with busbars, do not exhibit this kind of long-term reliability. Previous research has shown that the resistance of these connections begins to deteriorate immediately after assembly even without an electrical load or an elevated temperature. The reason for this is oxygen that is enclosed in the interface. Upon joining, it starts to react with the aluminum surface to form highly resistive Al2O3. In order to examine the processes in the interface more closely, experiments were conducted on a model geometry consisting of a bare aluminum cylinder and a tincoated copper counter-part with a pointed end. The contact resistance was measured at constant temperature, at constant DC current, and at constant source voltage. The results give new insights into the impact of the growth of the aluminum oxide layer, as well as its electrical and thermal breakdown. Additionally, the Al2O3-film in an aged Al-Sn-contact was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Differences between the stable long-term behavior of crimped connections and the instability of force-fitted connections are discussed.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127424230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}