{"title":"Contact Resistance Prediction from Observed Image and Oxide Volume Analysis","authors":"K. Mashimo, Atsushi Shimoyamada, H. Sasaki","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671157","url":null,"abstract":"The volume fraction of tin oxide increases as the deterioration caused by fretting progresses (as revealed in previous papers). A key influencer is the wear progress on the plated surface. Wear progress is characterized by specific wear. No significant difference was found between the following specific wears of different types: (1) Pin-disc contact on a few-mm scale and (2) Contact between the rider and flat on a 100-μm scale [5]. In practical use of terminals, oxidation rapidly progress. On the other hand, the progress of oxidation on static tin surface (without damage) is very slow. Therefore, it is essential to predict the relationship between wear and oxidation rate. This paper presents new ideas for estimating the contact resistance profile of tin-plated terminals. Here, the relationship between the contact resistance and the wear progress is described. This corresponds to the relationship between the volume fraction of oxide and wear progression. This study aims to contribute to the simulation of the overall fretting process.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129587518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Lees, Eric Hafenstein, Joshua Koeppel, Tony Spies
{"title":"The Influence of Coating Technology on Contact Resistance During Life Testing of Reed Switches","authors":"P. Lees, Eric Hafenstein, Joshua Koeppel, Tony Spies","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9670887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9670887","url":null,"abstract":"Reed switches fail in one of two ways: the switch will fail to open when expected (stick) or it will fail to close when expected (miss). During life testing at rated power it was found that switches with plated contacts exhibited variable and gradually increasing contact resistance up to the first stick followed by very stable contact resistance after the first stick. For reed switches with sputtered contacts, variable and gradually decreasing contact resistance was observed up to the first stick followed by an abrupt increase in contact resistance which then stabilized. End of life failure analysis is used to explain these different behaviors.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123183401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of making process and associated contact bounce behaviors for alternating current contactor","authors":"Chunen Yang, Zhe Zheng, W. Ren","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671183","url":null,"abstract":"The making process of alternating current (AC) contactor relates closely to the excited coil current and contact bounce behaviors. The reduction of pick-up time is beneficial for switching response of the electrical circuit. In this paper, a model switch which could adjust magnetic gap and contact gap of AC contactor is introduced. With the help of recorded coil current and contact voltage waveforms, the whole making process of contactor is divided into actuation, free acceleration, contact bounce, iron core bounce, and stable contact stages. The effect of coil resistance and contact gap on the pick-up time is investigated explicitly. The relationship between pick-up time and contact bounce duration, and associated influencing factors are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128303348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bus Bar Bolted Connections: Reliability and Testing","authors":"P. Slade","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671182","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable bolted bus bar connections are necessary for the decades of life expected from them. This is especially true for bus bar systems in electric power stations where over 40 years life is the norm. A failure of a bolted connection can result in a substantial disruption of the power station's output and a major inconvenience to its customers. This paper discusses how best to make bolted connections between Al to Al, Al to Cu and Cu to Cu bus. The typical aging curve for a bolted joint is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of infrared thermography and external joint temperature measurements as joint inspection tools are presented. The concept of bolted bus contact resistance is shown to be a reliable bolted joint inspection tool. It is shown that an increase of two times the original bolted joint's contact resistance is a reliable measure that a bolted connection is in the initial stages of failure. Experimental data for a poorly made bolted bus connection and well bolted busbar joints are presented to illustrate the importance of knowledge of this contact resistance increase in order to take timely corrective action. Finally, a straightforward method of regular inspection and maintenance of the bolted connection is presented.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114886543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frederik Anspach, P. Vieth, D. Bösche, L. Claassen, Ernst-Dieter Wilkening, M. Kurrat
{"title":"Presentation of a novel and laboratory proved method to determine efficiently the minimum deionization time in hybrid circuit breaker","authors":"Frederik Anspach, P. Vieth, D. Bösche, L. Claassen, Ernst-Dieter Wilkening, M. Kurrat","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671107","url":null,"abstract":"The application of hybrid circuit breakers (HCB) is possible in all voltage levels of DC-grids. For high voltage direct current transmission applications, HCBs are often equipped with commutation power electronics (PE). In low voltage grids, the use of commutation PEs is mostly avoided. Thus, a longer arcing process for commutation results from the mechanical circuit breaker to the PEs. As a result, a higher energy entry of the gas within the mechanical circuit breaker occurs. However, the components and the expenditure for the control unit is significantly reduced which is highly beneficial. This contribution presents a new method to optimize the deionization time of HCBs without commutation PEs for LVDC and MVDC-grids. They are applied to different test grids to show the opportunities of this technology. To ensure a relative fast switching time, a method to determine the minimum deionization time (DI) is developed and presented in order to avoid arc reignitions. This contribution shows the functionality of this method and discusses the efficiency varying different parameters.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":" 843","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113947028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin G. Zastrow, R. Flicek, Kelsey M. Johnson, Karl A. Walczak, B. Pacini, Brianna Johnson, Christopher Schumann, Fadi Rafeedi
{"title":"Investigation of electrical chatter in bifurcated contact receptacles","authors":"Benjamin G. Zastrow, R. Flicek, Kelsey M. Johnson, Karl A. Walczak, B. Pacini, Brianna Johnson, Christopher Schumann, Fadi Rafeedi","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671173","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical switches are often subjected to shock and vibration environments, which can result in sudden increases in the switch's electrical resistance, referred to as “chatter”. This paper describes experimental and numerical efforts to investigate the mechanism that causes chatter in a contact pair formed between a cylindrical pin and a bifurcated receptacle. First, the contact pair was instrumented with shakers, accelerometers, laser doppler vibrometers, a high speed camera, and a “chatter tester” that detects fluctuations in the contact's electrical resistance. Chatter tests were performed over a range of excitation amplitudes and frequencies, and high speed video from the tests suggested that “bouncing” (i.e. loss of contact) was the primary physical mechanism causing chatter. Structural dynamics models were then developed of the pin, receptacle, and contact pair, and corresponding modal experiments were performed for comparison and model validation. Finally, a high-fidelity solid mechanics model of the contact pair was developed to study the bouncing physics observed in the high speed videos. Chatter event statistics (e.g. mean chatter event duration) were used to compare the chatter behavior recorded during testing to the behavior simulated in the high-fidelity model, and this comparison suggested that the same bouncing mechanism is the cause of chatter in both scenarios.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124991283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Functions and HHL Quantum Algorithm for Solving Moving Boundary Value Problems Occurring in Electric Contact Phenomena","authors":"Merey M. Sarsengeldina, Z. Nashed","doi":"10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM51431.2021.9671227","url":null,"abstract":"This series of studies is devoted to developing and employing mathematical methods along with quantum algorithms for solving moving boundary value problems which occur in heat and mass transfer problems. In this particular study we develop mathematical framework where we utilize special functions and Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) quantum algorithm for finding exact and approximate solutions of Generalized Heat Equation with moving boundaries and as examples we consider plane and spherical cases. In spherical case the Generalized Heat Equation is reduced to linear moving boundary value problem with discontinuous coefficients and solved exactly. In plane case we use collocation method for approximate solution of Inverse Two-Phase Stefan problem. Experimental verification of suggested mathematical framework has been tested for modeling arcing phenomena in composite electrical contacts with AgCdO (90%) and Ni (10%). HHL algorithm was applied and run on IBM Q with Qiskit and the code is openly available on https://github.com/users/Schrodinger-cat-kz/projects/2.","PeriodicalId":338653,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 66th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115869212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}