The research reports最新文献

{"title":"The Competitive and Welfare Effects of New Product Introduction: The Case of Crystal Pepsi","authors":"Wei Xiao","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.149938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.149938","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of new products is an important method of competition in many markets. Towards understanding its impact on competition and welfare, this paper estimates the effects of Crystal Pepsi being introduced by PepsiCo. Estimating a structural model of the soft drink market, the competitive effect is decomposed into two parts: the effect on the prices of existing products from increased competition, and the effect of having additional product variety. I find that firms’ profit and consumer welfare both increased in response to the introduction of Crystal Pepsi, with the price effect accounting for nearly 90% of the gain in consumer surplus. The introduction of Crystal Pepsi is also used as an experiment to test the competitiveness of the soft drink market. Evidence of price collusion is found. In comparing the welfare impact of introducing Crystal Pepsi under price collusion and price competition, I find that social welfare increases more under collusion. Under competition, rivals of PepsiCo increase prices and, consequently, a new product introduction actually harms consumers; at the same time, PepsiCo’s profit gain is smaller. This finding suggests that firms have a stronger incentive to invest in R&D when they collude in price than when they compete in price.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129021901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental value and valuation over time","authors":"G. Scheufele, J. Bennett","doi":"10.25911/5D5E737C52B13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25911/5D5E737C52B13","url":null,"abstract":"Time and value are related concepts that influence human behaviour. Although classical topics in human thinking throughout the ages, few environmental economic non-market valuation studies have attempted to link the two concepts. Economists have estimated non-market environmental values in monetary terms for over 30 years. This history of valuation provides an opportunity to compare value estimates and how valuation techniques have changed over time. This research aims to compare value estimates of benefits of a protected natural area. In 1978, Nadgee Nature Reserve on the far south coast of New South Wales was the focus of the first application of the contingent valuation method in Australia. This research aims to replicate that study using both the original 1978 contingent valuation method questionnaire and sampling technique, as well as state of the art non-market valuation tools. This replication will provide insights into the extent and direction of changes in environmental values over time. It will also highlight the impact on value estimates of methodological evolution. These insights will help make allocating resources more efficient.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121634534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supply Chain Basics: The Dynamics of Change in the U.S. Food Marketing Environment","authors":"D. Tropp, E. Ragland, J. Barham","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.148268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.148268","url":null,"abstract":"The growing retail desire for exclusive and specialized food products offers new marketing opportunities for small and medium-sized food suppliers that understand the new world of food merchandising and are capable of delivering food products that satisfy commercial requirements for quality, innovation, and value. This document provides an overview of the changing retail landscape and identifies some of the characteristics associated with successful food retailing. It is designed to help smaller scale food producers and processors develop profitable business strategies and identify customers likely to appreciate their unique products. This publication addresses two major trends changing retail food marketing—a move toward differentiation as a marketing strategy and a simultaneous shift towards vertical integration between food suppliers and buyers. It examines the ramifications of these developments for the smaller scale food supplier and identifies strategies for remaining competitive in this environment.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114149765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Farmers Market Summit Proceedings Report","authors":"D. Tropp, J. Barham","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.148269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.148269","url":null,"abstract":"The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), in partnership with the Farmers Market Consortium, hosted the National Farmers Market Summit November 7–9, 2007, in Baltimore, MD. The Summit assembled key stakeholders from the farmers market community to convene a national conversation on issues and challenges facing today’s farmers markets. The National Farmers Market Summit had three broad objectives: (1) Identify farmers market needs and existing gaps in assistance, (2) Prioritize future research and technical assistance initiatives, and (3) Provide guidance to policymakers on how best to allocate available resources. The Summit was attended by 75 participants who represented a diverse range of farmers market stakeholders, including national resource providers, farmers market representatives, and community partners. Invitations were sent to farmers market stakeholders with diverse interests, expertise, and geographic location. Participants included representatives from 31 States and the District of Columbia. The Summit also included 12 staff members of AMS’s Marketing Services Division (MSD), the lead organizer of the Summit, and Dr. Kenneth C. Clayton, the Associate Administrator of AMS and chair of the Farmers Market Consortium. Using the brainstorming and consensus priority exercises, participants at the National Farmers Market Summit identified 12 key issues that they believe deserve attention from policymakers, funders, and other market assistance providers. These included: “Growing” Farmers, Policy/Regulation, Professional Development, Partnerships, Message Related to Farmers Market Promotion, Research, Funding/Resources, Farmers Markets as Center of Community, Public Health, Low Income Access, Local Food Systems, and Economic Sustainability. To explore possible approaches and solutions for addressing each consensus priority, Summit attendees were invited to engage in one of 12 issue-specific discussions, based on their level of interest in the given discussion topic. Although each of the 12 key issues has a distinctive scope and set of associated characteristics, they primarily fall into the following three broadly defined categories of activity: (1) Policy and Advocacy-based Initiatives; (2) Education and Training Initiatives; and (3) Community-based Initiatives. Policy and advocacy-based initiatives aimed at championing the importance of farmers markets and facilitating their continued growth. As defined by Summit participants, specific priorities to be addressed within the framework of policy-based initiatives included: Policy/Regulatory Barriers, Message Related to Farmers Market Promotion, and Funding/Resources. One of the common themes that surfaced repeatedly during discussions of all three priority issues related to policy and advocacy was the notion of creating a single national trade organization for farmers market stakeholders (perhaps similar to the newly reorganized Farmers Market Coalition) to speak with a unified voice to p","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116705483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Tenure in England and Wales 2007","authors":"A. Butler, M. Winter","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.47560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.47560","url":null,"abstract":"The report presents a repeat of a 1989-90 postal survey to explore the land tenurial changes in England and Wales that have resulted from legislative and structural change. Clearly, since 1990, the introduction of Farm Business Tenancies means that the two sets of results, while not directly comparable, allows the occupancy of land under unconventional forms of tenancy to be explored and contrasted. Furthermore, many factors influence the occupancy of land including taxation, inheritance laws, the profitability of farming, and structural and policy changes within the industry. Therefore, the occupancy of agricultural land in 2007 should be set against this backcloth of socio-political changes that impact upon the industry. Finally, this report is split into two sections, the first focuses on the occupation of land in England and Wales using weighted sample data, while the second explores some of the dynamics behind land tenure using the unweighted sample data.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126790667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to financial surveillance","authors":"M. Frisén","doi":"10.1002/9780470987179.CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470987179.CH1","url":null,"abstract":"In financial surveillance the aim is to signal at the optimal trading time. A systematic decision strategy is used. The information available at each possible decision time is evaluated in order to judge whether or not there is enough information for a decision about an action or if more information is necessary so that the decision should be postponed. Financial surveillance gives timely decisions.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123968859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of the National Sheep Flock and Specification of Equilibrium Prices and Quantities for the Australian Sheep and Wool Industries, 2002-03 to 2004-05","authors":"S. Mounter, G. Griffith, R. Piggott, E. Fleming, Xueyan Zhao","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.37664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.37664","url":null,"abstract":"The data used, and the methods and assumptions fundamental to the development of an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) of the Australian sheep and wool industries specified in Mounter et al. (2007), are contained in this report. The national sheep flock is disaggregated into Merino and non-Merino sheep in the three agricultural zones of Australia using 2002-03 Australian agricultural and grazing industries survey data. Opening and closing sheep numbers, death rates and weaning percentages were used to derive the supply and use of sheep in each zone. Annual shorn wool production was split into four fibre-diameter categories in each zone corresponding to ABS wool export categories. Wool production percentages and relative greasy fleece weights were used to estimate the quantities of wool attributable to ewes, wethers and hoggets in each zone. Estimates were also constructed of lamb, mutton and live sheep export volumes produced from the different sheep enterprises in each agricultural zone. As the flock composition data are based on 2002-03 figures, aggregate production and export data for 2002-03 were used to validate the methods involved in deriving the disaggregated production estimates. The data in the EDM of the Australian sheep and wool industries by Mounter et al. (2007) are average annual values for the years 2002-03 to 2004-05. The methods and assumptions used in specifying the data are the same as those used in obtaining the disaggregated 2002-03 estimates. In some cases, where data did not exist, estimated values were calculated.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"22 44","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120837313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market Definition and Market Power in the British Supermarket Industry","authors":"R. Cotterill","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.149201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.149201","url":null,"abstract":"In this report I will explain how to measure relevant antitrust markets for the analysis of the market power of the leading supermarket chains in Great Britain. Given the recent enforcement practices of the Competition Commission and the analyses submitted by, or on behalf of, Tesco, Sainsbury, and other retailers, my explanation necessarily must also continue to the measurement of market power. Non-coordinated competitive effects are also called unilateral effects and I will use that term henceforth in this report. These strategic moves do not require the cooperation of other firms. Coordinated effects (tacit collusion) do depend upon the cooperation of other firms. The exercise of these types of market power is not mutually exclusive (Levy and Reitzes 1993). Both types can elevate prices or otherwise distort the price, quality, reach and service marketing mix in a market.","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134478400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semiparametric Bayesian estimation of random coefficients discrete choice models","authors":"Sylvie Tchumtchoua, D. Dey","doi":"10.1016/S0731-9053(08)23009-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(08)23009-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115412812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethanol Transportation Backgrounder","authors":"Marina R. Denicoff","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.147607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.147607","url":null,"abstract":"For the first 6 months of 2007, U.S. ethanol production totaled nearly 3 billion gallons—32 percent higher than the same period last year. As of August 29, there were 128 ethanol plants with annual production capacity totaling 6.78 billion gallons, and an additional 85 plants were under construction. U.S. ethanol production capacity is expanding rapidly and is currently expected to exceed 13 billion gallons per year by early 2009, if not sooner. Ethanol demand has increased corn prices and led to expanded corn production, which is affecting grain transportation as corn use shifts from exports and feed use to ethanol production. Most ethanol is currently produced in the Nation’s heartland, but 80 percent of the U.S. population (and therefore implied ethanol demand) lives along its coastlines. Transportation factors to consider as ethanol production continues to expand in the Nation’s heartland include: • The capacity of the Nation’s transportation system to move ethanol, feedstock, and co-products produced from ethanol. • The availability of corn close to ethanol plants (~ 50 miles). • The location of feedlots relative to ethanol producing areas. Ethanol production capacity expansion is occurring faster than originally anticipated. In May, USDA issued a report analyzing the effects of an expansion in biofuel demand on U.S. agriculture. The analysis focused on two ethanol expansion scenarios in relation to the Baseline long-term projections issued in February 2007. Under Scenario 1, U.S. ethanol production increases to 15 billion gallons per year (bgy) by 2016. Under Scenario 2, U.S. ethanol production increases to 20 bgy by 2016. AMS applied its modal share analysis to the three USDA scenarios: baseline (February 2007 long-term projections) and the two scenarios described above to evaluate the impact of ethanol production expansion on grain transportation. The 5-year 2000-2004 modal share rates were assumed to stay constant over the projected period. • Transportation impacts vary for each scenario and transportation mode due in part to modal share differences. • Rail and barge demand could decrease if corn exports decrease, but in the short-term increased ethanol and DDGS shipments could offset decreases in rail grain shipments. • Truck demand increases under all scenarios. In 2005, rail was the primary transportation mode for ethanol, shipping 60 percent of ethanol production or approximately 2.9 billion gallons of ethanol. Trucks shipped 30 percent and barges 10 percent. The growth of ethanol production and the construction and expansion of new plants have not been hampered by logistical concerns. Railroads have kept up with ethanol growth in 2006. As ethanol production grew by 26 percent in one year, railroads’ shipments of alcohols (most of which is ethanol) increased by 28 percent. Rail freight is forecast to increase from 1,879 million tons in 2002 to 3,525 million tons by 2035, an increase of nearly 88 percent—before ethanol production expa","PeriodicalId":338433,"journal":{"name":"The research reports","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121447517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}