Forensic Science International Mind and Law最新文献_第5页

What can expert witnesses reliably say about memory in the courtroom? 关于法庭上的记忆，专家证人能可靠地说些什么?

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106

Henry Otgaar , Mark L. Howe , Olivier Dodier

{"title":"What can expert witnesses reliably say about memory in the courtroom?","authors":"Henry Otgaar , Mark L. Howe , Olivier Dodier","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Psychologists are sometimes asked to provide their expert opinion in court on whether memories of victims, witnesses, or suspects are reliable or not. In this article, we will discuss what expert witnesses can reliably say about memory in the legal arena. We argue that before research on memory can be discussed in legal cases, this research should ideally meet the following three conditions: replicability, generalizability, and practical relevance. Using a fictitious false memory case, we offer a guide to how psychologists should critically examine whether a particular segment of memory research is in line with these three conditions. We show that the area of false memory broadly fits these conditions but that for areas such as eyewitness identification and false confessions, there is limited discussion on which effect sizes are of interest in legal cases. We propose several recommendations that expert witnesses can use when they evaluate the validity of statements such as working with scenarios (e.g., statements are valid or not). Being transparent about the limits and strengths of memory research will assist triers of fact in their decision-making process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353822000364/pdfft?md5=195ef4757d540434baf621a29f958af1&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353822000364-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48577181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Disabling and criminalising systems? Understanding the experiences and challenges facing incarcerated, neurodivergent children in the education and youth justice systems in England 使系统失效和犯罪化?了解在英国的教育和青少年司法系统中被监禁的神经分化儿童所面临的经历和挑战

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100102

Anne-Marie Day

{"title":"Disabling and criminalising systems? Understanding the experiences and challenges facing incarcerated, neurodivergent children in the education and youth justice systems in England","authors":"Anne-Marie Day","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Children defined as ‘neurodivergent’ are over-represented in the English and Welsh criminal justice system, and face a number of challenges as they navigate their way through the education and youth justice systems. This paper will empirically examine this neglected area of criminal justice involvement in young lives, and involves an interpretivist investigation of neurodivergent children's experiences of the education and youth justice systems, involving semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 19 children in England who were either in custody or had recently been released from custody. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis.</p><p>The research findings suggest that both the education and youth justice systems in England and Wales are disabling and criminalising through processes that, often unintentionally; label, stigmatise, isolate, neglect and harm neurodivergent children. Consideration will turn, in the concluding section of the paper, to what a ‘child first’ education and youth justice system would look like for neurodivergent children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353822000327/pdfft?md5=502b18966dfa8d9d1f6d528325d33ca0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353822000327-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45526151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Human ecology behind bars: Narrative change within the Czech prison system. 监狱里的人类生态：捷克监狱系统中的叙事变化。

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100082

Dirga Lukáš, Váně Jan

引用次数: 0

Southern penal exceptionalism? Results of an ongoing comparative study of best practices in education and reintegration of imprisoned persons 南方刑法例外论?正在进行的关于被监禁人员教育和重返社会最佳做法的比较研究的结果

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100087

Grossi Sergio

引用次数: 0

Violence, crime, and psychiatry in the Spanish punk imaginary; General portrait 西班牙朋克想象中的暴力、犯罪和精神病学；总体肖像

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100104

Fabián Pavez , Erika Saura , Pedro Marset

{"title":"Violence, crime, and psychiatry in the Spanish punk imaginary; General portrait","authors":"Fabián Pavez , Erika Saura , Pedro Marset","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous findings suggest that the mass media depictions of people with mental disorders emphasize violence and criminality, unpredictable behaviour, and social incompetence. Our overall objective was to draw a general portrait of subcultural representations of criminal and violent behavior in the context of psychiatry. The content analysis of 190 song lyrics from a sample of 7777 outlined the elements composing the depictions of crime and violence and their connections with mental disorders in Spanish punk music (1981–2010). Two approaches were identified: one group of songs emphasized descriptions of violent and criminal behavior, while the other focused on psychiatric symptoms, syndromes, or diagnoses (appearing the violent or criminal behavior as epiphenomena of mental health problems). Quantitatively, songs with themes alluding to homicidal behavior predominated, with multiple homicide being widely portrayed. Regarding psychiatric disorders, substance use prevailed and, to a lesser extent, antisocial personality traits and psychotic symptoms. The depictions found are closely related to the connotations expected in the general population. Thus, we found a predilection for violent crimes and frequent allusions to the perpetrator as ‘mentally disturbed.’ It is consistent with the greater frequency of descriptions of violent crime in the media, despite its relative infrequency to other types of crime. Likewise, it coincides with the cultural interest in homicide and how it nourishes the current entertainment industry. However, some distinctive features in punk music included positive connotations for social deviance, and even antisocial traits, as a form of identity affirmation and opposition to the social order. On the other hand, violence and crime serve fundamentally punk provocativeness rather than a mythification or aesthetic enjoyment of crime. The portrayal of crime in the punk narratives was constructed around different non-exclusive sources whose contribution varied between compositions. It included the contents learned from and transmitted through the mass media, mainly the press, films, and television. These media provide both factual and fictional content (intertextuality). Other artistic manifestations can equally contribute to the interdiscursive ambit. The influence of crime news from abroad was relevant in depictions of mass murder (particularly, mass shootings), the same as intertextuality (mainly based on non-Spanish productions) for the subcultural portrayals of serial killers. Generally, the medical and criminological sciences have limited influence on the opinions of the general population, which continue to rely mostly on biased reports from mass media. This is a pending task for the scientific, academic, and clinical fields, hence the relevance of a dialogue between art, culture, media, and psychiatry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353822000340/pdfft?md5=3e85c3d6f9921abcb49fc0d7fca0680d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353822000340-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46816563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychological autopsy: Future implementation in Indonesia? 心理解剖：未来在印度尼西亚实施？

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100107

Sabrina Umi Khabibah , Ma'rifatul Ula , Gandar Mahojwala

引用次数: 2

Knowledge about head injury in police custody staff and implications for training 有关警务人员头部受伤的知识及其对培训的影响

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100105

Tom M. McMillan

{"title":"Knowledge about head injury in police custody staff and implications for training","authors":"Tom M. McMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Head injury is prevalent in prisoners and is associated with offending behaviour. Awareness and assessment of the occurrence and effects of recent head injury is important and should occur at an early stage in the criminal justice system. This study looks at knowledge about detainees with a recent head injury in police custody and considers the implications for training of custody officers.</p><p>Questionnaires about perceived training needs and knowledge about head injury were completed by 67 custody officers in Scotland. All officers reported a need for further training about head injury and the most common areas of need were perceived to be assessment, early management and long term effects. Knowledge and past training seemed to be more focussed on awareness of potentially catastrophic brain injury and a limited understanding of impairment of insight and of emotional and behavioural effects was evident.</p><p>There is a need for routine training about recent effects of head injury for custody officers to include the effects on insight, emotional and behavioural effects in detainees in addition to training on catastrophic outcomes which tends to be the main focus of current practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353822000352/pdfft?md5=2657ecba91c13d770afb0b2e64f3d7e3&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353822000352-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41919993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Covid-19 has caused a dramatic change to prison life: Analysing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the pains of imprisonment in the Scottish Prison Estate 2019冠状病毒病对监狱生活造成了巨大变化:分析2019冠状病毒病大流行对苏格兰监狱庄园监禁痛苦的影响

Forensic Science International Mind and Law Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100093

Maycock Matthew