Forensic Science International Mind and Law最新文献

{"title":"Epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy and other related constructs in Arab countries: A scoping review","authors":"Rayah Touma Sawaya ,&nbsp;Hussein Zalzale ,&nbsp;Elias Ghossoub","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of disregard for rules and norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and aggressiveness. ASPD is also associated with the dark triad, which includes psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism. Although there is considerable research surrounding individuals with antisocial personality disorder and its related constructs in the Western hemisphere, little is known about this disorder in the Arab world. The aim of this review is to identify the unique characteristics of antisocial individuals in the Arab region. We searched four databases (Medline, Psych Info, CINAHL, and Embase) in addition to searching the reference lists of relevant papers. Our search yielded 1381 records, 38 of which were eligible for full-text assessment, and 16 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. None of the studies examined the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in the general population, as most of them were conducted on specific populations. Our review suggests that individuals from the Arab region present with a different profile than individuals sampled in Western studies. We also reveal that all studies conducted in this region were completed using instruments developed in the West, as opposed to emic-driven instruments developed in the Arab region. We discuss the implications of these studies and the need for further research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353823000127/pdfft?md5=92008a3e56514628f2137ff262c677c7&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353823000127-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138577571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head injury and associated disability in adults undergoing pre-sentencing assessment by criminal justice social work","authors":"Holly de Mora,&nbsp;Jean McFarlane,&nbsp;Tom M. McMillan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although evidence indicates that head injury (HI) is prevalent in prisoners, little is known about HI in defendants during the Court process. This study assesses history of HI and persisting sequelae in defendants undergoing Criminal Justice Social Work (CJSW) assessment for Court.</p><p>A cross sectional, between subjects design was used. HI history was assessed using the Ohio State University TBI Identification-Method and disability with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended in 46 adult defendants undergoing a CJSW assessment in Scotland. Assessments of mental health, cognitive function, effort on tests and dysexecutive behaviour were also carried out. Comparisons were made between defendants with and without significant HI.</p><p>Significant HI (SHI) was found in 33/46 (72%) participants and 39% (13/33) of these had persisting disability. Those with SHI were more likely to have moderate-severe mental health difficulties, problematic alcohol or drug use and impairment on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Group differences were not found on cognitive tests or in offending history. No CJSW report identified HI.</p><p>Disability, psychological distress, dysexecutive behaviour and potentially harmful substance use are more common in defendants with SHI. Training and a screening process for HI in CJSW assessments is needed to inform Court disposals and interventions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266635382400002X/pdfft?md5=8adbec6f059cf561606973c459ea6283&pid=1-s2.0-S266635382400002X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140030331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding horizons through Forensic Science International: Mind and Law - Mental health and justice beyond violent offending","authors":"Michael Liebrenz","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353824000055/pdfft?md5=ad92fba2b9c128d75d2db403a5978e0f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353824000055-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emerging influence of Geopsychiatry in Forensic Psychiatry -- from global crises to local jurisdictions","authors":"Michael Liebrenz","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100128","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353824000018/pdfft?md5=4d5c1a10695500e0af046b219a455187&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353824000018-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139640817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of public educational needs in the rehabilitative care of individuals who have committed serious criminal offences: A cross cultural study","authors":"Courtney Hammond ,&nbsp;Kristína Knošková ,&nbsp;Louise Wallace ,&nbsp;Dean Fido","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Political doctrine has arguably coloured public perceptions of prison, as a lone deterrent, in reducing crime rates. Literature pertaining to public attitudes of criminality reports harsher punitive views towards individuals who have committed criminal offences in the UK, but this has yet to be assessed by education level. In two independently sampled studies, we explored how degree-level classifications more broadly impact the punitive or rehabilitative leaning of an individual (<em>Study One</em>, <em>N</em> = 180), and whether associations were replicated for forensic psychology education more specifically, internationally (<em>Study Two</em>, <em>N</em> = 183). Whilst merely having a degree did not significantly impact punitive judgments, undertaking a forensic psychology degree specifically, relative to criminology or psychology degrees more broadly, resulted in more positive and less punitive attitudes. There is a clear need for transparency of the Criminal Justice System in the provision of better education, allowing members of the public to make better informed decisions of their punitive judgments of individuals who have committed serious criminal offences. Furthermore, a better understanding of perceptions of these individuals and implications they may have on their treatment; the derivation of such opinions implicating governmental policies regarding rehabilitative care in cases of serious crime. Individual implications for the Slovak educational system and the overall importance of forensic psychology as an independent course.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353824000031/pdfft?md5=7bb4cd1ee5363062d69a3897939cd8c2&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353824000031-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140122218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroscience and the insanity defense: Trying to put a round peg in a square hole","authors":"Michael J. Vitacco ,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ,&nbsp;Megan L. Porter Staats ,&nbsp;Savanna Coleman","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2024.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The insanity defense remains one of the most difficult evaluations for a forensic examiner because it requires a retrospective reconstruction of an individual's mental state and extracting that mental state to specific psycholegal criteria (e.g., capacity to understand wrongfulness) at the time of an alleged crime. Some scholars have suggested that neuroimaging can improve the objectivity of insanity evaluations by highlighting brain deficits in the defendant that led to a compromised ability to understand wrongfulness or an inability to comport their behavior to the requirements of the law. This brief review highlights six principal limitations that, to date, have not been appropriately addressed by proponents of using neuroimaging in insanity evaluations. Researchers are encouraged to address these specific limitations to improve its application to insanity defense evaluations. We posit that until this work is completed, neuroimaging provides limited value to insanity evaluations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353824000043/pdfft?md5=ce7dd4af3df813b24812ca49b0b7f246&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353824000043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141326088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judiciarisation of the mentally ill and/or mentally incapacitated in the Malawi criminal justice system: Gaps and flaws of human rights protection","authors":"Marie Claire Van Hout ,&nbsp;Ruth Kaima ,&nbsp;Victor Mhango ,&nbsp;Stephanie Kewley ,&nbsp;Triestino Mariniello","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rates (where recorded) of mental illness, intellectual disabilities and co-morbidities are disproportionately high and rising among global prison populations. There is little data on the extent of mental illness and/or mental incapacity in prison populations in the Global South. Criminal justice systems are generally under-resourced, with a lack of adequate forensic monitoring, availability of specialist psychological and psychiatric expertise, and system coordination with mental health treatment and support services.</p><p>Very little is known with regard to the judiciarisation of the mentally ill and/or mentally incapacitated in African criminal justice systems. In this <em>Commentary</em> we focus on Malawi, as a least developed country in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the international human rights framework pertinent to the judiciarisation of people with disability, the global discourse around disability-neutral doctrines and the contentiousness of the link between mental and legal capacity. We discuss challenges and procedural complexities in the Malawi criminal justice system as it relates to how people with mental illness and/or mental incapacity navigate the process and to what extent their basic human rights are upheld.</p><p>Mental health legislation and policies to uphold the rights of the mentally ill and/or mentally incapacitated in the criminal justice system are underdeveloped (and under-resourced). There are backlogs in forensic assessments to determine competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility; inadequate availability of forensic beds; and insufficient coverage of community and prison based mental health services. Lengthy detention periods in overcrowded unsafe conditions are common, with little or no access to specialist medical care.</p><p>We present medico-legal and clinical recommendations for enhanced human rights monitoring and protections cognisant of the various challenges in ensuring the implementation of human rights and of due process in Malawi. We encourage the government to consider formal diversion options via mental health courts and invest in the capacity of forensic specialists and hospitals to support court assessments and community care. Oversight mechanisms preventing human rights abuses of these very vulnerable individuals are crucial in all mental health settings in Malawi, not limited to police custody, remand detention facilities and prisons. Ratification of the Optional Protocol of the Convention against Torture is imperative.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49862122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School to prison pipelines: Associations between school exclusion, neurodisability and age of first conviction in male prisoners","authors":"Hope Kent ,&nbsp;Amanda Kirby ,&nbsp;Lee Hogarth ,&nbsp;George Leckie ,&nbsp;Rosie Cornish ,&nbsp;Huw Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Both school exclusion and neurodisability are prospective markers for increased risk of subsequent contact with criminal justice system in general and justice-involved samples. However, relationships between school exclusion, neurodisability, and age at first conviction have received minimal attention. Age at first conviction is an important outcome, as justice system contact is criminogenic, so people convicted at a younger age are at risk of becoming entrenched in the system. This issue was addressed with data collected from 3035 convicted male adults, who completed the Do-IT Profiler screening assessment in HMP Parc (Wales, UK). Multiple school exclusions were associated with earlier first convictions, with those excluded once, 2–3 times, and 4 or more times being first convicted 3, 5, and 6 years earlier on average than the never-excluded cohort. Of the excluded cohort, 45% were sent to a Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) (a facility for children excluded from mainstream school). They were first convicted an average of 2 years younger than those who were excluded but never sent to a PRU, and an average of 6 years younger than those who were never excluded. This suggests that being sent to a PRU is associated with earlier first convictions than exclusion alone. Each standard deviation increase in neurodisability (indexed by lower scores on a functional skills screener, used here as a proxy for neurodisability) was associated with being 0.5 years younger at first conviction. Finally, school exclusion was correlated with scores on the functional skills screener, suggesting that school exclusion could be a potential mechanism for the criminalisation of children with neurodisability. These findings elucidate associations between school exclusion (including PRU referral), poor functional skills indicative of neurodisability, and criminalisation at a younger age in prison populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353823000097/pdfft?md5=a4799aadf2b736e9391e97f82d09aa79&pid=1-s2.0-S2666353823000097-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134656235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic assessment of criminal maturity in juvenile homicide offenders in the United States","authors":"Michael Welner ,&nbsp;Matt DeLisi ,&nbsp;Heather M. Knous-Westfall ,&nbsp;David Salsberg ,&nbsp;Theresa Janusewski","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2022.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The United States Supreme Court in <em>Jones vs. Mississippi (2021)</em> reinforced the <em>Miller</em> decision to allow sentencing judges the discretion to determine whether individuals convicted of murder under age 18 warrant a life sentence. The <em>Miller</em> decision dictates individualized sentencing, citing psychosocial disadvantages, immaturity, potential evolving risk, and how these qualities differ for each defendant. Since the <em>Miller</em> decision, mental health professionals routinely submit forensic reports as part of prisoners’ petitions to courts for reconsideration of their life sentences, either at the request of defense attorneys or prosecutors. This tracks a well-established practice of pre-sentencing evaluations. The expressions of immaturity in crime are not; however, accounted for in the same way that expressions of major mental illness reference years of crime-specific research and diagnostic standardization. For this reason, forensic assessments in this emerging area remain unguided and vulnerable to bias. Here, we present a guide containing 38 questions in seven developmental domains for individualized assessment and 50 questions spanning five domains that relate to the details of the crime. Our qualitative guidelines for assessment of the relevant domains of criminal maturity and offender prognosis draw on the forensic psychiatry, forensic pathology, developmental psychopathology, and criminological literatures, our experiences in comparative research of murder, sex assault and other crimes, as well as decades of experience in forensic assessment. A complete assessment of the offender should include questions in the developmental, scholastic/vocational, social, interpersonal, traumas, antisocial history, and psychiatric/medical domains. We also present recommended questions for assessing the details of the crime to more fully and accurately inform the individualized sentencing requirement in <em>Miller</em> cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44311668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploration of litigants’ interactions with court actors in Ghanaian courts","authors":"Charlotte Omane Kwakye-Nuako ,&nbsp;Feikoab Parimah ,&nbsp;Makafui Jonas Davour ,&nbsp;Kenneth Owusu Ansah ,&nbsp;Abigail Adade ,&nbsp;Prince Adih ,&nbsp;Audrey Nyameye Ross","doi":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have sought to understand the experiences of litigants who use the court system. However, very few have looked at their specific interactions with court actors in Sub-Saharan African countries. In this study, we sought to explore the interactions that litigants have with lawyers, judges, and court workers during the process of civil litigation in Ghana. The study used a qualitative phenomenological design and a criterion sampling technique to select seventeen litigants involved in civil litigation in a Ghanaian court. Using thematic analysis, we found that litigants had confidence in the judicial system. In terms of lawyers and court actors, the participants were ambivalent about their interactions with them. Whereas some had been supportive, others drained their resources and were not altogether altruistic. We discuss these findings and make recommendations for improving litigant experiences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33816,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International Mind and Law","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44992427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}