IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society最新文献

{"title":"Robust 3-D Multi-Source Localization With a Movable Antenna Array via Sparse Signal Processing","authors":"Amir Mansourian;Alireza Fadakar;Saeed Akhavan;Behrouz Maham","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558476","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately localizing multiple sources is a critical task with various applications in wireless communications, such as emergency services, including natural post-disaster search and rescue operations. However, scenarios where the receiver is moving have not been sufficiently addressed in recent studies. This paper tackles the angle of arrival (AOA) 3D-localization problem for multiple sparse signal sources with a moving receiver, which has a limited number of antennas that may be outnumbered by the sources. First, an energy detector algorithm is proposed to leverage signal sparsity for eliminating noisy samples. Subsequently, an iterative algorithm is developed to refine and estimate the AOAs accurately, initialized with previously estimated source locations and coarse elevation and azimuth AOAs obtained via the two-dimensional multiple signal classification (2D-MUSIC) method. To this end, we introduce a sparse recovery algorithm to exploit signal sparsity, followed by a phase smoothing algorithm to refine the estimates. The K-SVD algorithm is then applied to the smoothed output to accurately determine the elevation and azimuth AOAs of the sources. For localization, a new multi-source 3D-localization algorithm is proposed to estimate source positions using the refined AOA estimates over a sequence of time windows. Extensive simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3664-3682"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10950424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Flow Rate-Based Queuing Discipline for Contention Avoidance in SD-WANs","authors":"Pavan Iddalagi;Amrita Mishra","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558128","url":null,"abstract":"The software defined wide area network (SD-WAN) architecture is continuously improving to meet the diverse customer needs of different sectors. Traffic-tunneling over a certain uplink is a core part of SD-WAN’s security feature to route desired application traffic over an uplink that caters quality of service (QoS) as per service level agreement (SLA). However, the classified controlled traffic of tunnel health probing protocol (THPP) active on each pair of tunnel end-points contends with mainstream traffic in the event of network congestion impacting the QoS of high priority classified traffic such as an audio-video (AV) stream of critical importance. This may further lead to packet loss, increased latency, and jitter for both THPP and mainstream traffic. The available uplink bandwidth is a critical network resource that affects the configured behavior of a standard queuing discipline (Qdisc), resulting in formidable challenges such as buffer overflow, priority inversion, increased latency, and ineffective rate-limiting. This work initially investigates and demonstrates the shortcomings faced by standard Qdiscs during network congestion and their impact on transmission of mainstream real-time data in the presence of THPP traffic in a custom emulated SD-WAN environment. Next, a novel enhanced flow rate algorithm (EFR) is systematically developed for superior Qdisc configuration and uplink utilization in SD-WANs during network congestion. Exhaustive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EFR-based Qdisc significantly reduces contention to the mainstream traffic during congestion along with an efficient uplink bandwidth distribution among THPP, mainstream and best-effort traffic (BE).","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2566-2582"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10949159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPYDER: QoS-Aware Radio Resource Allocation in Multiuser ISAC-Capable C-V2X Networks","authors":"Syed Najaf Haider Shah;Aamir Ullah Khan;Christian Schneider;Joerg Robert","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3558126","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) systems presents a promising solution for enhancing road safety and traffic efficiency. However, it also poses significant challenges in radio resource management, particularly in efficiently allocating time-frequency (TF) resources to meet distinct Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, minimizing resource occupancy for high-resolution radar sensing, and mitigating coordination overhead and interference in a multiuser ISAC-capable C-V2X network. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel uncoordinated QoS-aware radio resource allocation (RRA) scheme for a multiuser ISAC-capable C-V2X sidelink system. Unlike existing approaches, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for inter-vehicle coordination, ensuring low spectral requirements while maintaining robust sensing and communication performance in dense, high-mobility environments. Specifically, we extend semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) to enable joint data transmission and radar sensing, dynamically selecting TF resources based on ISAC QoS demands. A key innovation of our approach is the introduction of a sparse random pattern yielding dynamic interleaving (SPYDER) based OFDM grid, which employs non-uniform interleaving of OFDM symbols and subcarriers to support high-resolution radar sensing while reducing resource overhead for communication operations. Since SPYDER adopts a non-uniform TF interleaved OFDM grid, it may experience multiuser resource overlapping that could degrade radar detection performance. To counteract this, we employ sparse reconstruction algorithms within the compressed sensing framework, enhancing flexibility in TF resource allocation and providing high-resolution radar sensing despite uncoordinated resource selection. We evaluate the proposed scheme’s performance through numerical simulations and compare it against state-of-the-art methods. The findings highlight the SPYDER grid’s efficiency, robustness to interference, and minimal resource occupancy, making it suitable for next-generation C-V2X networks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3644-3663"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10949614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel Estimation and Error Analysis of a Narrow FoV VLC System With Random Receiver Orientation","authors":"K. Nagaraja;Soumya P. Dash;Debasish Ghose","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3557522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3557522","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid increase in user demands, visible light communication (VLC) has been emerging as a promising technology for next-generation wireless communication networks to supplement the limited radio frequency spectrum. However, the reliability of VLC channels significantly depends on the orientation of the line-of-sight links, as the received signal strength is sensitive to the angular alignment between the transmitter and receiver. This paper studies this aspect by considering a VLC system where the light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter employs a binary modulation to transmit data to a photodetector receiver whose orientation with respect to the transmitter LED varies randomly within a narrow field-of-view (FoV). This random orientation of the receiver is modeled by a uniform distribution between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for which the probability density functions for the square of the channel gain are derived for various combinations of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta _{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta _{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, employing optimal maximum likelihood receiver structures, series form expressions for the symbol error probabilities (SEPs) are derived for the cases when the VLC system has perfect knowledge of the channel gain and when the system utilizes the least-square technique for channel estimation prior to data transmission. Numerical results are presented to corroborate the analytical framework wherein the correctness of the statistical characterization is verified, and the variations of the SEPs are presented with the system parameters. It is observed that a narrow FoV plays a crucial role in the superior performance of the VLC system in terms of achieving a lower SEP value and mitigating saturation in the SEP by increasing the system’s signal-to-noise ratio.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3920-3931"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10948495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MPLS Network Actions: Technological Overview and P4-Based Implementation on a High-Speed Switching ASIC","authors":"Fabian Ihle;Michael Menth","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3557082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3557082","url":null,"abstract":"In MPLS, packets are encapsulated with labels that add domain-specific forwarding information. Special purpose labels were introduced to trigger special behavior in MPLS nodes but their number is limited. Therefore, the IETF proposed the MPLS Network Actions (MNA) framework. It extends MPLS with new features, some of which have already been defined to support relevant use cases. This paper provides a comprehensive technological overview of MNA concepts and use cases. It compares MNA to IPv6 extension headers (EHs) that serve a similar purpose, and argues that MNA can be better deployed than EHs. It then presents P4-MNA, a first hardware implementation running at 400 Gb/s per port. Scalability and performance of P4-MNA are evaluated, showing negligible impact on processing delay caused by network actions. Moreover, the applicability of MNA is demonstrated by implementing the use cases of link-specific packet loss measurement using the alternate-marking-method (AMM) and bandwidth reservation using network slicing. We identify header stacking constraints resulting from hardware resources and from the number of network actions that must be supported according to the MNA encoding. They make an implementation for hardware that can only parse a few MPLS headers infeasible. We propose to make the number of supported network actions a node parameter and signal this in the network. Then, an upgrade to MNA is also feasible for hardware with fewer available resources. We explain that for MNA with in-stack data (ISD), some header bits must remain unchanged during forwarding, and give an outlook on post-stack data (PSD).","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3480-3501"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10947349","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement-Robust mmWave VR via Dual-Beam Reception and Predictive Beam Transition","authors":"Rizqi Hersyandika;Haoqiu Xiong;Yang Miao;Qing Wang;Sofie Pollin","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556761","url":null,"abstract":"The abundant bandwidth in the mmWave band supports high data rates and low latency communication, making it ideal for delivering realistic and seamless virtual reality experiences. However, a key challenge lies in adapting the mmWave beams to the highly dynamic user movements, which often cause beam misalignment, resulting in signal degradation and potential outages. Additionally, maintaining uninterrupted signal reception during beam re-alignment due to head rotation requires low-overhead and timely beam transitions to prevent signal drops caused by delayed switching. This paper addresses these challenges with a joint solution at both the access point (AP) and head-mounted display (HMD) ends. Specifically, the proposed solution integrates coordinated multi-point networks with dual-beam reception at the HMD to enhance diversity, improve channel gain, and mitigate outages caused by user movement. Evaluation using real HMD movement datasets demonstrates that dual-beam reception within a coordinated multi-AP setup achieves up to a 22.8% improvement in reliability by reducing outage rates compared to single-beam reception. Experimental validation further highlights the effectiveness of combining widely distributed APs with a locally distributed subarray configuration on the HMD, improving angular coverage during head rotations. Furthermore, our predictive beam transition approach anticipates the future beam during user movements, preventing received signal degradation from delayed transitions while reducing overhead by 43.8% compared to exhaustive periodic beam searches.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2420-2437"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10947030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Multi-Connected XR Device Performance With Soft Combining and Joint HARQ Processing in Cooperative Multicast","authors":"Muhammad Ahsen;Boyan Yanakiev;Claudio Rosa;Ramoni Adeogun","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556497","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigate multi-connectivity for Extended Reality (XR) devices, which have stringent requirements in terms of delay, data rate and reliability. This approach employs one direct connection and one indirect connection via a 5th generation-Advanced (5G-A) tethering device. We investigate the Selection Combining Scheme (SCS) and Selection/Soft Combining Scheme (SSCS) between the tethering device and the XR device under point-to-multipoint (PTM) multicast transmission in downlink (DL) in a spatially consistent channel model. The SSCS is particularly effective in enhancing the XR device performance, achieving the maximum potential gain of either selection or soft combining, while limiting cooperative data exchange. This is done through various limited fraction soft bits relaying schemes, including modified ones from existing literature and newly proposed code block (CB) based indexing schemes. Additionally, we propose algorithms for joint processing of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback (FB) in 5G multicast sessions with cooperative users to enhance spectral efficiency by enabling the network to benefit from the cooperation of the users. Our link-level simulations demonstrate that multi-connectivity with joint HARQ enables XR devices to achieve the same spectral efficiency as with unicast but with a 0.8 dB and 4.5 dB lower average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with SCS and SSCS, respectively, in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. In line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios, multi-connectivity yields a gain of 3 dB with SSCS, though no significant gain is observed with SCS.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2438-2452"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure Quantum Communication With Multi-Users in Quantum Networks","authors":"As’Ad Mahmoud As’Ad Alnaser;Hazem Moh’D Said Hatamleh;Nawaf Abdualziz Almolhis;Salahaldeen Duraibi;Yahya Alqahtani","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556903","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and encryption protocols are central to secure user-to-user communication in quantum networks. However, the detection of eavesdropping, security vulnerabilities, and performance degradation at high traffic levels are some of the challenges faced by inefficient multi-user communication. Current approaches do not adequately overcome these challenges. This paper suggests a holistic framework that integrates QKD, classical-quantum multiple access techniques, and advanced security protocols for overcoming these issues. This framework uses the QKD-SCM for communication security across several nodes and makes use of classical-quantum multiple accesses for greater speed and scalability in communication. Security is then further optimized with the MUQQ-ESTMP GHZ based on Multi-User Quantum Protocol, (MUQPQ), where it optimizes queries across several users. Lattice-based cryptography is deployed to protect against quantum computing attacks, and for detecting eavesdropper attacks, the Reverse Reconciliation Algorithm for binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel (RRA-BIAWGNC) is used. Furthermore, QPQB has been integrated as a searchable symmetric encryption protocol to safeguard the data in cloud storage. The performance of the system has been analyzed with metrics like detection accuracy of eavesdrop attack (97%), communication complexity (95%), effective key rate (590 b/s), communication efficiency (96%), and computational overhead (98%). Simulation has been carried out using ns-3.30.1 and Python. Simulation results indicate a considerable reduction in communication complexity up to 40% and enhanced detection accuracy that surpassed the existing stateof- the-art benchmarks. Through the integration of multiple advanced techniques for security, this research contributes to the development of scalable and quantum communication networks with security.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"2397-2419"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Analysis of Pair-Wise Symbol Detection in Uplink NOMA-ISaC Systems","authors":"Haofeng Liu;Emad Alsusa;Arafat Al Dweik","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556588","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the bit error rate (BER) and outage probability performance of integrated sensing and communication (ISaC) in uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. Specifically, we consider an ISaC framework where the radar signal is designed to be orthogonal to the communication signal over two symbol periods, ensuring complete interference elimination when decoding consecutive symbol pairs. This approach resembles multi-symbol rate NOMA, except that the radar waveform, carrying no data, is explicitly designed to be orthogonal to the transmitted communication signal. To mitigate potential decision ambiguities during pairwise data detection, a constant phase offset is applied to adjacent communication symbols at the transmitter. We analyze system performance by deriving closed-form expressions for the exact BER using zero-forcing (ZF) receivers. Additionally, we present closed-form upper bound expressions for BER and outage probability for both ZF and joint maximum likelihood (JML) detectors. Furthermore, we evaluate the detection and false alarm probability performance of the radar system, demonstrating that the analytical results align with simulations. The derived expressions offer valuable insights into the performance of this novel ISaC system, highlighting the impact of key parameters and illustrating how the ZF receiver balances performance and complexity compared to the JML receiver under a variety of conditions and system settings.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3459-3479"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource Allocation in STAR-RIS-Aided SWIPT With RSMA via Meta-Learning","authors":"Mojtaba Amiri;Elaheh Vaezpour;Sepideh Javadi;Mohammad Robat Mili;Mehdi Bennis;Eduard Axel Jorswieck","doi":"10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3556484","url":null,"abstract":"Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) is a cutting-edge concept for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a novel system that incorporates STAR-RIS with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) using rate splitting multiple access (RSMA). The proposed system facilitates communication from a multi-antenna base station (BS) to single-antenna users in a downlink transmission. The BS concurrently sends energy and information signals to multiple energy harvesting receivers (EHRs) and information data receivers (IDRs) with the support of a STAR-RIS. Furthermore, an optimization is introduced to strike a balance between users’ sum rate (SR) and the total harvested energy. To achieve this, an optimization problem is formulated to optimize the energy/information beamforming vectors at the BS, the phase shifts at the STAR-RIS, and the common message rate. Subsequently, we employ a meta deep deterministic policy gradient (Meta-DDPG) approach to solve the complex problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed Meta-DDPG algorithm performance compared to other base lines, yielding higher data rates and improved harvested energy. This advancement in algorithmic performance substantiates the effectiveness of the proposed STAR-RIS system with SWIPT and RSMA, positioning it as a promising solution for the resource-efficient, high-performance demands of 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":33803,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"3806-3815"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10947210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}