Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in dopamine transporter uptake scans in progressive apraxia of speech","authors":"Rene L. Utianski ,&nbsp;Nha Trang Thu Pham ,&nbsp;Hugo Botha ,&nbsp;Farwa Ali ,&nbsp;Joseph R. Duffy ,&nbsp;Heather M. Clark ,&nbsp;Val J. Lowe ,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Whitwell ,&nbsp;Keith A. Josephs","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To describe qualitative and quantitative longitudinal changes in dopamine transporter uptake (DaT) scan findings in progressive apraxia of speech (PAOS) patients.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>DaTQUANT software was used to quantify uptake in the left and right caudate and putamen in DaT scans of 39 patients with PAOS, 19 with repeat scans. Clinical radiologic impressions were used as the gold standard for evaluating whether quantitative measures (z-score of left and right putamen and caudate uptake) aligned with gestalt impressions of DaT abnormalities and clinical impairments, cross-sectionally. Measures at first and last available DaT were used to evaluate change over time and the influence of qualitative abnormality at first visit on change over time.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Cross-sectionally, 16/39 patients had abnormal DaT scans on visual read, with differences in all quantitative DaT measures between those with (ab)normal scans, but without differences in any clinical measures (apraxia of speech, aphasia, or parkinsonism). Three patients that had normal DaT scans at baseline were read as abnormal at subsequent visits, with coinciding change in quantitative measures. At the group level, across the 19 patients with repeat imaging, no statistical change in left or right caudate or putamen scores was observed despite progression of clinical indices. Abnormality at first visit did not statistically influence the rate of change over time, although trends were observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Approximately 40–50% of patients with PAOS have or will develop DaT scans that may be visually read as abnormal. Quantitative measures of DaT match visual reads cross-sectionally, but may not map to clinical progression, including of parkinsonism, observed in these patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/98/9a/main.PMC10282401.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9850018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term tonic spinal cord stimulation in advanced Parkinson’s disease: No effect from stimulation under placebo-controlled evaluation","authors":"Rafael Bernhart Carra ,&nbsp;Tamine Teixeira da Costa Capato ,&nbsp;Janaina Reis Menezes ,&nbsp;Egberto Reis Barbosa ,&nbsp;Kleber Paiva Duarte ,&nbsp;Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira ,&nbsp;Rubens Gisbert Cury","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10580045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49683040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-occurrence of CLCN2-related leukoencephalopathy and SPG56","authors":"Wejdan Almasoudi ,&nbsp;Christer Nilsson ,&nbsp;Ulrika Kjellström ,&nbsp;Kevin Sandeman ,&nbsp;Andreas Puschmann","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Family Report</h3><p>Two rare autosomal recessive neurological disorders, leukoencephalopathy with ataxia and spastic paraplegia 56 (SPG56), were found in members of the same family. Two siblings presented with spastic paraplegia, cognitive impairment, bladder and bowel dysfunction and gait ataxia; their consanguineous parents were unaffected. Ophthalmological examination revealed chorioretinopathy. Brain MRI showed T2 hyperintensities and T1 hypointensities in the internal capsules, cerebral peduncles, pyramidal tracts and middle cerebellar peduncles. Both affected siblings were homozygous for <em>CYP2U1</em> c.947A &gt; T p.(Asp316Val), a known cause for SPG56. However, they were also homozygous for the novel variant <em>CLCN2</em> c.607G &gt; T, p.(Gly203Cys), classified as a variant of unknown significance. Testing of additional family members revealed homozygosity for both variants in an additional brother, whom we initially considered unaffected. Both male <em>CLCN2</em> carriers were infertile, and review of the literature revealed one reported case with azoospermia, however the brother had no overt signs of SPG56. His testicular biopsy revealed incomplete maturation arrest in spermatogenesis; clinically we found mild memory impairment and hand tremor and MRI showed similar changes as his siblings. We consider <em>CLCN2</em> c.607G &gt; T pathogenic because of the neuroradiological and clinical findings, including azoospermia.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Considerable workup may be required to determine the pathogenicity of novel variants, and to unambiguously associate phenotype with genotype. In very rare disorders, highly specific clinical or biomarker combinations provide sufficient evidence for a variant’s pathogenicity. Phenotypic variation of monogenic disorders described in the literature may be attributed to a second co-occurring monogenic disorder, especially in consanguineous families. SPG56 may have reduced penetrance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49774481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globular glial tauopathy presenting clinically as atypical parkinsonism with dementia: A clinicopathological case report","authors":"Thomas Hoag ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Koga ,&nbsp;Dennis W. Dickson ,&nbsp;Rajeev Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/70/main.PMC10372361.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9910728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inaccurate self-report of olfactory dysfunction in REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder and implications for prognosis","authors":"Amber Roguski ,&nbsp;Michal Rolinski ,&nbsp;Matt W. Jones ,&nbsp;Alan Whone","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The earliest stages of alpha-synucleinopathies are accompanied by non-specific prodromal symptoms such as diminished sense of smell, constipation and depression, as well as more specific prodromal conditions including REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD). While the majority of RBD patients will develop an alpha-synucleinopathy, one of the greatest clinical challenges is determining whether and when individual patients will phenoconvert. Clinical evaluation of a patient presenting with RBD should therefore include robust and objective assessments of known alpha-synucleinopathy prodromes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study compared olfactory function self-report measures with psychophysical ‘Sniffin’ Stick 16-item Identification’ test scores in Control (n = 19), RBD (n = 16) and PD (n = 17) participants.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We confirm that olfactory test scores are significantly diminished in RBD and PD groups compared to Controls (p &lt; 0.001, One-Way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer Post-Hoc, effect size = 0.401). However, RBD participants were only 56 % accurate when self-reporting olfactory dysfunction, hence markedly less likely to perceive or acknowledge their own hyposmia compared to Controls (p = 0.045, Fisher’s Exact Test, effect-size = 0.35).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>When isolated RBD presents with hyposmia, there is an increased likelihood of phenoconversion to Parkinson’s Disease (PD) or Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB); unawareness of olfactory dysfunction in an individual with isolated RBD may therefore confound differential diagnosis and prognosis. Our results evidence the fallibility of olfactory function self-report in the context of RBD prognosis, indicating that clinical assessments of RBD patients should include more reliable measures of olfactory status.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10842330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adopting a palliative care mindset is an unmet need in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Avery Kundrick ,&nbsp;Olivia Hogue ,&nbsp;Sarah Namrow ,&nbsp;Renato Samala ,&nbsp;Ellen Walter ,&nbsp;Benjamin Walter ,&nbsp;Hubert Fernandez ,&nbsp;Adam Margolius","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects multiple facets of patients’ lives, many of which may not be recognized or addressed by their healthcare team. A growing body of evidence has shown that palliative care improves patients’ quality of life with PD; however, little is currently known about how patients with PD perceive palliative care.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>An 8-question multiple choice survey was created and given to patients with established care for PD at a movement disorders clinic in a quaternary care center. Patients with less than two years of follow-up or that had atypical features of PD were excluded from the survey.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There were 106 respondents to the survey. A third of patients reported having never heard of palliative care and an additional 25% had heard of it but did not know what it was. Eighty-eight percent reported being familiar with or very knowledgeable about hospice, though 50% of respondents did not know the difference between hospice and palliative care. 93% had never been offered either service. 37.7% thought their neurologist should discuss advance care planning early in the course of their disease.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Even among established patients with Parkinson’s disease in a quaternary center, over half were not familiar with palliative care, and the majority had never been offered palliative or hospice services despite growing evidence that it could improve their quality of life. Additionally, patients would like to be introduced to advanced care planning early in the course of their disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/3e/main.PMC10336662.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9820460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful implementation of technology in the management of Parkinson's disease: Barriers and facilitators","authors":"Arjonne Laar ,&nbsp;Ana Ligia Silva de Lima ,&nbsp;Bart R. Maas ,&nbsp;Bastiaan R. Bloem ,&nbsp;Nienke M. de Vries","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a fast increasing prevalence. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are available to alleviate symptoms. Technology can be used to improve the efficiency, accessibility and feasibility of these treatments. Although many technologies are available, only few are actually implemented in daily clinical practice.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Here, we study the barriers and facilitators, as experienced by patients, caregivers and/or healthcare providers, to successful implement technology for PD management.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We performed a systematic literature search in the PubMed and Embase databases until June 2022. Two independent raters screened the titles, abstracts and full texts on: 1) people with PD; 2) using technology for disease management; 3) qualitative research methods providing patients’, caregivers and/or healthcare providers’ perspective, and; 4) full text available in English or Dutch. Case studies, reviews and conference abstracts were excluded.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found 5420 unique articles of which 34 were included in this study. Five categories were made: cueing (n = 3), exergaming (n = 3), remote monitoring using wearable sensors (n = 10), telerehabilitation (n = 8) and remote consultation (n = 10). The main barriers reported across categories were unfamiliarity with technology, high costs, technical issues and (motor) symptoms hampering the use of some technologies. Facilitators included good usability, experiencing beneficial effects and feeling safe whilst using the technology.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Although only few articles presented a qualitative evaluation of technologies, we found some important barriers and facilitators that may help to bridge the gap between the fast developing technological world and actual implementation in day-to-day living with PD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9972397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10826949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of familial frontotemporal dementia caused by a progranulin gene mutation","authors":"Lauryn Currens ,&nbsp;Nigel Harrison ,&nbsp;Maria Schmidt ,&nbsp;Halima Amjad ,&nbsp;Weiyi Mu ,&nbsp;Sonja W. Scholz ,&nbsp;Jee Bang ,&nbsp;Alexander Pantelyat","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After Alzheimer’s disease, Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the most common cause of early-onset dementia. Several genetic mutations have been identified in familial FTD, with mutations in progranulin (GRN) accounting for approximately 20–25% of familial FTD cases and about 10% of total FTD cases. We report the case of a familial FTD patient with atypical parkinsonism who was found to have <em>GRN</em> frontotemporal dementia (<em>GRN</em>-FTD) with a pathogenic splice site mutation (c.709-2A &gt; G) and notable phenotypic heterogeneity among family members.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b8/06/main.PMC10424124.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10068348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative data for the Vietnamese smell identification test","authors":"Tai Ngoc Tran ,&nbsp;Thuong Huyen Thi Dang ,&nbsp;Truc Thanh Thai ,&nbsp;Uyen Le Ngoc Ha ,&nbsp;Hien Thi Le ,&nbsp;Thuy Thu Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Hai Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Anh Ngoc Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Khang Chung Ngoc Vo ,&nbsp;Thanh Vinh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Thanh van Nguyen ,&nbsp;Quang Xuan Ly ,&nbsp;Khang Vinh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Daniel Truong","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The 12-item Vietnamese smell identification test (VSIT) has been developed to evaluate the olfactory function of the Vietnamese population. This study aimed to investigate the normative value of the VSIT in different age groups and sexes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ho Chi Minh University Medical Center, Vietnam. All participants were evaluated for odor identification ability using the VSIT.<!--> <!-->We included healthy participants aged 18 years or older with no history of olfactory disturbances.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 391 healthy volunteers were recruited with a mean age of 45.80 years (SD: 17.62; range: 18–86; female: 63.4 %). The tenth percentile of scores on the 0–12 VSIT scale was 8.3 in participants aged 18–29 years, 9.0 in 30–39 years, 8.0 in 40–49 years, 7.8 in 50–59 years, 7.9 in 60–69 years and 6.0 in over 70 years. Young adults (18–39 years old) had better olfactory identification ability than older adults (over 50 years), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001. There was a significant main effect of sex on VSIT score (p = 0.02), suggesting that females outperformed males. Sensitivity to 8 odors were negatively correlated with age: lemon, garlic, banana, coffee, mango, guava, apple and watermelon (p &lt; 0.05 in all cases) whereas four odors were age-independent including orange, fish sauce, soy sauce, and fish.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Normative data provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory function. However, there were significant sex and age effects on olfactory identification scores on the VSIT. Therefore, future studies should be conducted to better adjust for those confounders mentioned above.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10589741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social cognition deficits are associated with lower quality of life in cervical dystonia: A single centre study","authors":"Shameer Rafee ,&nbsp;Ruth Monaghan ,&nbsp;Derval McCormack ,&nbsp;Conor Fearon ,&nbsp;Sean O'Riordan ,&nbsp;Michael Hutchinson ,&nbsp;Jessica Bramham ,&nbsp;Fiadhnait O'Keeffe","doi":"10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Patients with cervical dystonia (CD) demonstrate significant non-motor symptoms including sensory, psychiatric and cognitive features. It has been shown that the non-motor symptoms have a major influence on quality of life. Social cognition, particularly deficits in Theory of Mind (ToM), can affect the development of interpersonal relationships, understanding of social situations and can affect patient outcomes.</p><p>We used the “Faux Pas” measure of social cognition to assess ToM in patients with CD and compared this with quality of life, disease severity and psychiatric symptoms.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Patients with adult-onset idiopathic isolated cervical dystonia were assessed using the “Faux Pas” questionnaire. Validated questionnaires were used to assess mood symptoms (BAI/BDI and HADS) and quality of life (CDIP-58). Disease-specific disability, motor severity and psychosocial symptoms were measured using TWSTRS2. Faux pas results were compared with published healthy control values.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>32 participants (19 female) were included with a mean age of 57.7 years. 20 participants met criteria for excess mood symptoms (anxiety and/or depression). Mean CDIP-58 was 31.9. There was no relationship between faux pas outcomes and motor severity. However, correlation analyses showed that participants who performed worse on the faux pas questionnaire had lower quality of life.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The non-motor symptoms, including social cognition, are often neglected. We have demonstrated that low quality of life in CD is associated with to abnormal social cognition. Clinicians should be mindful of these symptoms, particularly in patients reporting low treatment satisfaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33691,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Parkinsonism Related Disorders","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49818147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}