Wenjia Cai, Jie Xu, Ke Wang, Xiaohong Liu, Wenqin Xu, Huimin Cai, Yuanxu Gao, Yuandong Su, Meixia Zhang, Jie Zhu, Charlotte L. Zhang, Edward Zhang, Fangfei Wang, Yun Yin, I. Lai, Guangyu Wang, Kang Zhang, Yingfeng Zheng
{"title":"EyeHealer: A large-scale anterior eye segment dataset with eye structure and lesion annotations","authors":"Wenjia Cai, Jie Xu, Ke Wang, Xiaohong Liu, Wenqin Xu, Huimin Cai, Yuanxu Gao, Yuandong Su, Meixia Zhang, Jie Zhu, Charlotte L. Zhang, Edward Zhang, Fangfei Wang, Yun Yin, I. Lai, Guangyu Wang, Kang Zhang, Yingfeng Zheng","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Anterior segment eye diseases account for a significant proportion of presentations to eye clinics worldwide, including diseases associated with corneal pathologies, anterior chamber abnormalities (e.g. blood or inflammation), and lens diseases. The construction of an automatic tool for segmentation of anterior segment eye lesions would greatly improve the efficiency of clinical care. With research on artificial intelligence progressing in recent years, deep learning models have shown their superiority in image classification and segmentation. The training and evaluation of deep learning models should be based on a large amount of data annotated with expertise; however, such data are relatively scarce in the domain of medicine. Herein, the authors developed a new medical image annotation system, called EyeHealer. It is a large-scale anterior eye segment dataset with both eye structures and lesions annotated at the pixel level. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to verify its performance in disease classification and eye lesion segmentation. The results showed that semantic segmentation models outperformed medical segmentation models. This paper describes the establishment of the system for automated classification and segmentation tasks. The dataset will be made publicly available to encourage future research in this area.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"42 1","pages":"85 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82508690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueer Zhou, Shoushan Hu, Yunan Zhang, Guan-Tao Du, Yi Li
{"title":"The mechanism by which noncoding RNAs regulate muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.","authors":"Xueer Zhou, Shoushan Hu, Yunan Zhang, Guan-Tao Du, Yi Li","doi":"10.1093/PCMEDI/PBAB008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/PCMEDI/PBAB008","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer cachexia (CC) is a complex metabolic syndrome that accelerates muscle wasting and affects up to 80% of patients with cancer; however, timely diagnostic methods and effective cures are lacking. Although a considerable number of studies have focused on the mechanism of CC-induced muscle atrophy, few novel therapies have been applied in the last decade. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted great attention as many differentially expressed ncRNAs in cancer cachectic muscles have been reported to participate in the inhibition of myogenesis and activation of proteolysis. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which function as ncRNA carriers in intercellular communication, are closely involved in changing ncRNA expression profiles in muscle and promoting the development of muscle wasting; thus, EV-related ncRNAs may represent potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively describes the process of ncRNA transmission through EVs and summarizes the pathways and targets of ncRNAs that lead to CC-induced muscle atrophy.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"93 1","pages":"136-147"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86976780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The fourth scientific discovery paradigm for precision medicine and healthcare: Challenges ahead","authors":"Li Shen, Jinwei Bai, Jiao Wang, Bairong Shen","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the progression of modern information techniques, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), Internet of Everything (IoE) based smart sensors, and artificial intelligence algorithms, data-intensive research and applications are emerging as the fourth paradigm for scientific discovery. However, we face many challenges to practical application of this paradigm. In this article, 10 challenges to data-intensive discovery and applications in precision medicine and healthcare are summarized and the future perspectives on next generation medicine are discussed.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"80 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89850637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ran Kang, Zhengtang Tan, Mei Lang, Linqi Jin, Yin Zhang, Yiming Zhang, T. Guo, Zhiyun Guo
{"title":"EnhFFL: A database of enhancer mediated feed-forward loops for human and mouse","authors":"Ran Kang, Zhengtang Tan, Mei Lang, Linqi Jin, Yin Zhang, Yiming Zhang, T. Guo, Zhiyun Guo","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Feed-forward loops (FFLs) are thought to be one of the most common and important classes of transcriptional network motifs involved in various diseases. Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that positively regulate protein-coding genes or microRNAs (miRNAs) by recruiting DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs). However, a comprehensive resource to identify, store, and analyze the FFLs of typical enhancer and super-enhancer FFLs is not currently available. Here, we present EnhFFL, an online database to provide a data resource for users to browse and search typical enhancer and super-enhancer FFLs. The current database covers 46 280/7000 TF-enhancer-miRNA FFLs, 9997/236 enhancer-miRNA-gene FFLs, 3 561 164/3 193 182 TF-enhancer-gene FFLs, and 1259/235 TF-enhancer feed-back loops (FBLs) across 91 tissues/cell lines of human and mouse, respectively. Users can browse loops by selecting species, types of tissue/cell line, and types of FFLs. EnhFFL supports searching elements including name/ID, genomic location, and the conservation of miRNA target genes. We also developed tools for users to screen customized FFLs using the threshold of q value as well as the confidence score of miRNA target genes. Disease and functional enrichment analysis showed that master miRNAs that are widely engaged in FFLs including TF-enhancer-miRNAs and enhancer-miRNA-genes are significantly involved in tumorigenesis. Database URL:http://lcbb.swjtu.edu.cn/EnhFFL/.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":"129 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83958699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blood purification for sepsis: an overview","authors":"Ling Zhang, Yuying Feng, P. Fu","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sepsis is a life-threatening organ failure exacerbated by a maladaptive infection response from the host, and is one of the major causes of mortality in the intensive care unit. In recent decades, several extracorporeal blood purification techniques have been developed to manage sepsis by acting on both the infectious agents themselves and the host immune response. This research aims to summarize recent progress on extracorporeal blood purification technologies applied for sepsis, discuss unanswered questions on renal replacement therapy for septic patients, and present a decision-making strategy for practitioners.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":"45 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77924168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Checkpoint immunotherapy for NK/T cell lymphoma—Time for a showdown?","authors":"J. Chan, J. Lim, C. Ong","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab004","url":null,"abstract":"Editor's note A commentary on “Combination of anti-PD-1 antibody with P-GEMOX as a potentially effective immunochemotherapy for advanced natural killer/T cell lymphoma”.","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"70 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88326614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuroendocrine cells of the prostate: Histology, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms.","authors":"William Butler, Jiaoti Huang","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Although most men are diagnosed with low grade, indolent tumors that are potentially curable, a significant subset develops advanced disease where hormone therapy is required to target the androgen receptor (AR). Despite its initial effect, hormone therapy eventually fails and the tumor progresses to lethal stages even through continued inhibition of AR. This review article focuses on the role of PCa cellular heterogeneity in therapy resistance and disease progression. Although AR-positive luminal-type cells represent the vast majority of PCa cells, there exists a minor component of AR-negative neuroendocrine (NE) cells that are resistant to hormonal therapy and are enriched by the treatment. In addition, it is now well accepted that a significant subset of hormonally treated tumors recur as small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC), further highlighting the importance of targeting NE cells in addition to the more abundant luminal-type cancer cells. Although it has been long recognized that NE cells are present in PCa, their underlying function in benign prostate and molecular mechanisms contributing to PCa progression remains poorly understood. In this article, we review the morphology and function of NE cells in benign prostate and PCa as well as underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition, we review the major reported mechanisms for transformation from common adenocarcinoma histology to the highly lethal SCNC, a significant clinical challenge in the management of advanced PCa.</p>","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25580368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maryam Hosseini, Wanqiu Chen, Daliao Xiao, Charles Wang
{"title":"Computational molecular docking and virtual screening revealed promising SARS-CoV-2 drugs.","authors":"Maryam Hosseini, Wanqiu Chen, Daliao Xiao, Charles Wang","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbab001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rampaged the world, with more than 58.4 million confirmed cases and over 1.38 million deaths across the world by 23 November 2020. There is an urgent need to identify effective drugs and vaccines to fight against the virus. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the family of coronaviruses consisting of four structural and 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). Three non-structural proteins, main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are believed to have a crucial role in replication of the virus. We applied computational ligand-receptor binding modeling and performed comprehensive virtual screening on FDA-approved drugs against these three SARS-CoV-2 proteins using AutoDock Vina, Glide, and rDock. Our computational studies identified six novel ligands as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, including antiemetics rolapitant and ondansetron for Mpro; labetalol and levomefolic acid for PLpro; and leucal and antifungal natamycin for RdRp. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the ligand-protein complexes. The results of our analysis with some other suggested drugs indicated that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine had high binding energy (low inhibitory effect) with all three proteins-Mpro, PLpro, and RdRp. In summary, our computational molecular docking approach and virtual screening identified some promising candidate SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors that may be considered for further clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/pcmedi/pbab001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25580367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strategies for advanced personalized tuberculosis diagnosis: Current technologies and clinical approaches.","authors":"Xuerong Chen, Tony Y Hu","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diagnosis of tuberculosis can be difficult as advances in molecular diagnosis approaches (especially nanoparticles combined with high-throughput mass spectrometry for detecting mycobacteria peptide) and personalized medicine result in many changes to the diagnostic framework. This review will address issues concerning novel technologies from bench to bed and new strategies for personalized tuberculosis diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25580369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"RhoA and Cdc42 in T cells: Are they targetable for T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases?","authors":"Fukun Guo","doi":"10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many inflammatory diseases are not curable, necessitating a better understanding of their pathobiology that may help identify novel biological targets. RhoA and Cdc42 of Rho family small GTPases regulate a variety of cellular functions such as actin cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Recent characterization of mouse models of conditional gene knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 has revealed their physiological and cell type-specific roles in a number of cell types. In T lymphocytes, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of most, if not all, of the inflammatory diseases, we and others have investigated the effects of T cell-specific knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 on T cell development in the thymus, peripheral T cell homeostasis, activation, and differentiation to effector and regulatory T cells, and on T cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation and colitis. Here we highlight the phenotypes resulting from RhoA and Cdc42 deletion in T cells and discuss whether pharmacological targeting of RhoA and Cdc42 is feasible in treating asthma that is driven by allergic airway inflammation and colitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":33608,"journal":{"name":"Precision Clinical Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25580336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}