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Dental caries rates in South Africa: implications for oral health planning 南非龋齿率:对口腔健康规划的影响
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-12-11 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441463
Shenuka Singh
{"title":"Dental caries rates in South Africa: implications for oral health planning","authors":"Shenuka Singh","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441463","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the availability of epidemiological data on caries prevalence rates in children, there is little evidence that the issue of childhood caries is adequately addressed through policy and service provision efforts in South Africa. Given the underlying multifactorial determinants of dental caries, namely access to and availability and utilisation of oral health services, socio-economic status and dietary intake, oral health planning efforts need to address issues of policy and programmatic integration, additional fuoride uptake and the availability of primary preventive programmes.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125766145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Antibiotic prescribing patterns in a neonatal intensive care unit 新生儿重症监护病房的抗生素处方模式
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-12-11 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441465
N. Schellack, A. Gous
{"title":"Antibiotic prescribing patterns in a neonatal intensive care unit","authors":"N. Schellack, A. Gous","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441465","url":null,"abstract":"An outbreak of invasive candidiasis in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital in Ga-Rankuwa necessitated evaluation of the antibiotic prescribing practices in the unit. A selective randomised sample of 100 patients was followed up over a nine-month period to evaluate prescribing patterns. The existing antibiotic policy was used to compare the prescription practices and use of antibiotics. The frequency of use, number of antibiotics per patient and duration of use were documented. Of the 100 patients followed, 95 were prescribed intravenous antibiotics. All prescribed antibiotics for 77 patients are listed in the antibiotic policy. Nineteen different antibiotics were prescribed, and 11 of the 19 prescribed antibiotics appear in the antibiotic policy. Most patients received more than two antibiotics during their stay, as the average number of antibiotics used per patient during the study period was 3.4. The average duration of use for all antibiotics, except cefepime and ceftriaxone, was for longer than seven days. Although antibiotics were used according to the ward protocol in the majority of patients, deviations from the protocol were associated with patients’ clinical condition and/or results from blood cultures. The duration of antibiotic use needs to be monitored to prevent unnecessary prolonged use, as in this investigation. An antibiotic policy may be useful to guide and measure rational antibiotic therapy in a NICU.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129064547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Male circumcision as a public health measure for the prevention of HIV transmission 男性包皮环切术作为预防艾滋病毒传播的公共卫生措施
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-12-11 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441464
M. Titus, J. Moodley
{"title":"Male circumcision as a public health measure for the prevention of HIV transmission","authors":"M. Titus, J. Moodley","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441464","url":null,"abstract":"Although male circumcision is regarded as an efficacious and cost-effective public health strategy for combating human immunodificiency virus (HIV) in heterosexual men in high-prevalence areas, some experts suggest a more cautious approach to the implementation of circumcision for HIV prevention because of practical difficulties. This review addresses the practicality and ethics of implementing circumcision as a preventative strategy in under-resourced settings. A literature survey was carried out using the key terms \"male circumcision\" and \"HIV prevention\" in a number of databases. There is generally high acceptability of circumcision as a preventative strategy for HIV. Some experts, albeit a minority, raise questions regarding costs, timing, and integration of religious and cultural forms of circumcision in the fight against the spread of HIV. Geographical, cultural, religious and socio-economic factors should be considered prior to instituting circumcision as public health measure for the prevention of female-to-male HIV transmission.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134049051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Bacteraemic Isolates from South African Public Sector Hospitals, 2010 2010年南非公立医院选定菌血症分离株的抗微生物药敏模式
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-11-30 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441461
C. Bamford, Kim Bonorchis, A. Ryan, J. Simpson, Eugenne Elliott, R. Hoffmann, P. Naicker, N. Ismail, N. Mbelle, M. Nchabeleng, T. Nana, C. Sriruttan, S. Seetharam, J. Wadula
{"title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Selected Bacteraemic Isolates from South African Public Sector Hospitals, 2010","authors":"C. Bamford, Kim Bonorchis, A. Ryan, J. Simpson, Eugenne Elliott, R. Hoffmann, P. Naicker, N. Ismail, N. Mbelle, M. Nchabeleng, T. Nana, C. Sriruttan, S. Seetharam, J. Wadula","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441461","url":null,"abstract":"We report on antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance data for six key bloodstream pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus) identified in public sector hospitals in South Africa during 2010. Major findings include the accelerated emergence of carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter species, with overall susceptibility rates of 98% and 96% for ertapenem, and above 99% for meropenem and imipenem. Levels of resistance among P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii remain high in all centres, with few changes since 2009. Large decreases in piperacillin-tazobactam susceptibility rates were noted at three institutions, probably related to methodological issues. S. aureus remains a major pathogen countrywide, with between 30-60% of isolates resistant to cloxacillin [methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)]. Ongoing surveillance for antimicrobial resistance is vital, and the use of a centralised data ...","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130515427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 26
Genital herpes and HIV infection: Can we still exploit the intimate relationship? 生殖器疱疹和艾滋病毒感染:我们还能利用亲密关系吗?
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441454
R. Ballard
{"title":"Genital herpes and HIV infection: Can we still exploit the intimate relationship?","authors":"R. Ballard","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441454","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa is suffering the most severe HIV epidemic on earth. Prior to emergence of HIV/AIDS, conventional sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were endemic in many underprivileged communities as a result of many social factors. Since conventional STIs may act as co-factors in both acquisition and transmission of HIV, it was initially thought that improved treatment of these infections would result in a reduction of HIV transmission. As the HIV epidemic matured, the aetiological agents causing genital ulcer disease changed, with genital herpes emerging as the most potent STI co-factor in HIV spread. Despite learning more about herpes simplex virus/HIV interactions, attempts to utilise this knowledge to design HIV prevention strategies proved disappointing. However, the lessons learned may prove to be valuable in the future.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"33 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133171074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Outbreaks in South Africa 2004-2011, the Outbreak Response Unit of the NICD, and the vision of an inspired leader 2004-2011年南非疫情、国家传染病研究所疫情应对股以及一位有远见的领导人的远见
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441450
L. Blumberg, G. D. Jong, Juno Thomas, Brett N. Archer, A. Cengimbo, C. Cohen
{"title":"Outbreaks in South Africa 2004-2011, the Outbreak Response Unit of the NICD, and the vision of an inspired leader","authors":"L. Blumberg, G. D. Jong, Juno Thomas, Brett N. Archer, A. Cengimbo, C. Cohen","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441450","url":null,"abstract":"The Outbreak Response Unit was established in 2004 by Prof Barry Schoub and was envisioned as a comprehensive unit for reporting of suspected communicable disease outbreaks, and for the provision of technical support for outbreak response within South Africa and the region, with special emphasis on optimising the role of the laboratory. The unit has grown in size and broadened in scope and expertise over the past seven years, and has responded to complex, high-profile and large outbreaks, including highly pathogenic influenza A H5N2 affecting ostriches, the new arenavirus (Lujo), cholera, the 2009 influenza pandemic, emergence of rabies in Limpopo province and Rift Valley fever, among many others.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123810661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: The leading edge and the measurement of incidence 南非的艾滋病毒-1流行病:发病率的前沿和测量
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441451
A. Puren
{"title":"The HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: The leading edge and the measurement of incidence","authors":"A. Puren","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441451","url":null,"abstract":"The first reported cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in South Africa were seen in 1982. South Africa has currently the highest absolute number of cases of HIV in the world. Various HIV prevalence surveys, including sentinel surveys and household surveys, have been performed over the years, and the epidemic is characterised as generalised and mature. Multiple interventions, including a large-scale antiretroviral programme, have been introduced in South Africa to reduce the transmission of HIV. It is thus no longer sufficient to estimate prevalence to understand the dynamics of the epidemic. Knowledge of the HIV incidence, the leading edge of the epidemic, would be ideal. In particular, laboratory-based incidence estimates are seen as the answer. Several laboratory methods have been described, but these have turned out to be relatively imperfect, and various refinements have been described to obtain relatively useful data. Nevertheless, in the case of South Africa, high levels of incidence have been described based on observational and laboratory-based data. The continued incidence studies are critical to inform about the leading edge of the epidemic.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116653975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Professor Schoub: Reminiscences on the occasion of his retirement Schoub教授:在他退休之际的回忆
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-16 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441444
W. Prozesky
{"title":"Professor Schoub: Reminiscences on the occasion of his retirement","authors":"W. Prozesky","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441444","url":null,"abstract":"It was a momentous occasion when Barry Schoub joined our newly established Department of Medical Virology in Pretoria in August 1975 as Principal Specialist. Having just escaped the most intensive but hardly tender mentorship of the legendary Prof Jack Coetzee, I was starry-eyed when given the opportunity to develop my own \"scientific playground\". Then Barry came like a gift from heaven (with aiding and abetting by Prof Hendrik Koornhof). I had been able to recruit that most able electron microscopist, Mike Lecatsas, from Onderstepoort, and we built up our own instrument from a box of parts sold to us at a ridiculous price by the Electron Microscopy Unit at Wits. The rotavirus story had just broken and we charged into the field with the greatest enthusiasm.","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122943117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects in Gauteng, South Africa 南非豪登省hiv阳性和hiv阴性受试者中弓形虫感染的血清阳性率
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-16 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441457
K. Kistiah, J. Winiecka-krusnell, A. Barragan, A. Karstaedt, J. Frean
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects in Gauteng, South Africa","authors":"K. Kistiah, J. Winiecka-krusnell, A. Barragan, A. Karstaedt, J. Frean","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441457","url":null,"abstract":"Toxoplasmosis is an infection of warm-blooded vertebrates caused by one of the most common parasites of humans, Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a worldwide distribution and a varying prevalence between different continents and countries, and even within the same country. There is little known about T. gondii prevalence in Africa. In South Africa, there is limited information about the disease and detailed recent demographic data of groups at risk are missing. The seroprevalences of T. gondii antibodies in samples of selected populations, namely HIV-positive male and female subjects, and HIV-negative pregnant women in the Gauteng province, were therefore investigated and found to be 9.8% (95% confdence interval: 7.1%-13.4%) and 12.8 % (CI: 8.9%-15.8%), respectively. A more general population sample (but biased towards pregnant women) showed a 6.4% (CI: 4.5%-9%) seroprevalence. These results show that T. gondii infection is present in South Africa, but its p...","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127346932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Rotavirus in South Africa: From discovery to vaccine introduction 南非的轮状病毒:从发现到疫苗引进
The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection Pub Date : 2011-08-16 DOI: 10.1080/10158782.2011.11441448
A. Steele, R. Glass
{"title":"Rotavirus in South Africa: From discovery to vaccine introduction","authors":"A. Steele, R. Glass","doi":"10.1080/10158782.2011.11441448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2011.11441448","url":null,"abstract":"Rotavirus was frst detected by electron microscopy in young children with diarrhoea in South Africa in 1976, and 25 years later rotavirus vaccine was introduced into the routine childhood immunisation schedule in the country. Prof Barry Schoub played a role in both these events and in many milestones along that journey, from discovery to introduction. Several seminal fndings were identifed by Schoub et al in the early years after rotavirus identifcation in South Africa, including the antigenic relatedness of rotavirus strains, and several important epidemiological and clinical fndings. This laid the foundation for the role that South Africa has played in pioneering rotavirus research work in, and for, Africa. Early efforts at establishing a regional network for rotavirus epidemiology and surveillance studies have expanded into a continent-wide network using standardised protocols with reporting to the World Health Organization. In addition, clinical studies conducted in South Africa paved the way for the ...","PeriodicalId":335691,"journal":{"name":"The Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and infection","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128827132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
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