East African Journal of Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Physical Parameters, Oleoresin and Volatile Oil Contents of Five Pepper (Pepper nigrum L.) Cultivars as Influenced by Maturity","authors":"G. Hailemichael, Digafie Tilahun, Tekalign Tsegaw","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53219","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was undertaken to identify the appropriate stage of harvesting of berries to prepare quality pepper for whole use or for extraction purpose to get better oleoresin and essential oil yield. Harvesting of berries from five pepper cultivars was carried out at 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 months after 70% set of the berries. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Teppi Agricultural Research Sub-center, South-western Ethiopia. Generally, peppercorn boldness and color improved with delayed harvest; 5.5 months after fruit set being the optimum. Five of the cultivars showed comparable oleoresin and volatile oil contents. The oleoresin content ranged from 13.63 to 16.01% whereas the volatile oil content ranged from 3.18 to 3.53%. Both were found to be within the acceptable ranges. The highest oleoresin (19.41%) and volatile oil (4.95%) yields were obtained from earlier harvest (3.5 months after fruit set) and decreased as harvest stages delayed. In general, it is recommended that the spikes be harvested 3.5 months after 70% fruit set to get higher oleoresin or volatile oil yield and 5.5 months after fruit set if it is intended for use as whole or in ground form. Keywords: Black Pepper; Essential Oil; Oleoresin; Peppercorn; Volatile Oil","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"189-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Registration of Guduru Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Variety","authors":"Chemeda Daba, N. Geleta, D. Lule, Girma Mengistu, A. Temesgen, F. Eticha","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53222","url":null,"abstract":"Guduru is the common name for teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] with the pedigree name of DZ-10- 1880. It out-yielded the standard check, Dukem, across all on-stations. In on- farm trials, Guduru maintained its superiority over the standard check, Dukem with 13% grain yield advantage. Guduru has wide yield adaptability in its grain yield performance. It has good traits such as uniform agronomic characters, high biomass, and thick stalk and with low lodging problem. It also has very white seeds and high market value as well as, disease resistance.","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"195-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants and Dimensions of Household Food Insecurity in Dire Dawa Town, Ethiopia","authors":"Aschalew Feleke, A. Bogale","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53655","url":null,"abstract":"Normal 0 false false false Based on primary data collected from 200 household in 2005, this study scrutinizes determinants and the extent of food insecurity in Dire Dawa town. A binary logit model has identified household size, daily income and proportion of expenditure on food, education of household head, sex of household head, access to credit and marital status of the household as significant determinants of food insecurity in the study area. The FGT index result has revealed that 43% of the sampled households cannot meet the daily recommended caloric requirement with a food insecurity gap of 13%. The findings call for action-based advocacy on family planning to curb population growth, provision of technical training to the unemployed that enhances job creativity and competitiveness on the market, access to credit for the needy with proper targeting criterion and expansion of both formal and informal education. Keywords: Food Security; FGT Index; Logit Model; Dire Dawa","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"134-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of the Adoption of Physical Soil Bund Conservation Structures in Adama District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Gerishu Batiwaritu, Z. Mvena","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53533","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study emphasizes the adoption of physical soil bund structures including the major factors influencing the adoption process. The study is based on the data collected from 120 households. Two analytical techniques, descriptive statistics and logistic regression function were employed in analyzing the data. The findings indicate that a host of factors, most of which are policy related, were responsible for poor technology adoption. In this regard, adoptions of technologies are predominantly influenced by economic variables such as land size, livestock holdings and income of the households. Furthermore, institutional factors, such as access to credit, mass media, and extension services as well as the educational level of the farmers are primarily influencing the adoption decision. The results of the study confirm that past extension approaches have been biased against natural resource management. With the exception of physical soil bund structures, other components of soil conservation packages were found to be marginalized. Overall, survey results reveal that integrated natural resource oriented approaches were not adopted. Based on the findings, it is strongly recommended that policy makers and technical institutions should readdress the policy-related issues to facilitate extension systems that will ensure environmentally sustainable development. Keywords: Adoption; Conservation; Physical Structures; Small Scale Farmers","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"142-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Registration of dano and lalo sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) varieties","authors":"Chemeda Daba, N. Geleta, Girma Mengistu, D. Lule, A. Temesgen, F. Eticha","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53220","url":null,"abstract":"Dano and Lalo are common names for sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with pedigree names of BRC-378 and BRC-245, respectively. They were developed and released by Bako Agricultural Research Center for western Ethiopia. At early breeding stage, Dano and Lalo were tested for three years at three locations and the mean grain yield of Dano was comparable with all location means of every season. In multi-location trials, Lalo was the best with 3.5 ton/ha grain yield. The mean yields of Dano and Abamelko were 2.7 and 3.2 tons/ha, respectively. Results of stability studies showed that Dano had above average and Lalo had good general adaptability. Dano and Lalo have maturity that is synchronized with that of the locals compared to that of standard check, which is earlier than the locals. Dano has good popping character, attractive seed color, stays green naturally and has potential for animal feed. Dano and Lalo have moderate resistance to anthracnose and leaf blight with uniform agronomic traits.","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"193-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Health Benefits and Problems Associated with Phytochemicals in Food Legumes","authors":"S. Admassu","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Phytochemicals are a naturally occurring group of chemicals in plants and plant-derived foods. Presence of phytochemical components such as phytohemagglutinins, tannins, phytic acid, saponins, protease inhibitors, oligosaccharides and phytoestrogens in food legumes has both health benefits and adverse effects. These have been associated with numerous health benefits, including reduced cardiovascular and renal disease risks, health care treatments including anti-aging, enhancement of brain function, lower glycemic index for persons with diabetes, increased satiation and cancer prevention. Health benefits resulting from ingestion of oligosaccharides which have been developed in the past few years to use as physiologically functional foods consist of proliferation of bifidobacteria and reduction of detrimental bacteria, diminution of toxic metabolites, anti-cancer effect and protection of liver function. These biologically active compounds in food legumes also have immense potential in biomedical application. On the other hand, phytochemicals have adverse effects as they limit the digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates or reduce the bioavailability of certain nutrients, interfere with normal growth, reproduction and flatulence production. Moreover, phytoestrogens have been linked with infertility problems. The synergistic or antagonistic effects of mixtures of these phytochemicals from food legumes, their interaction with other components of the diet and the mechanism of their action have remained a challenge with regard to understanding the role of phytochemicals in health and diseases. Current researches in phytochemicals are exploring various potentials and utilization in foods and drugs which could be used as frontline defences against numerous life threatening diseases including HIV/AIDS. Because of the potential health benefits of phytochemicals in food legumes, it is probably inappropriate to refer to these substances as natural toxins. The time has come for us to re-evaluate their presence in our diet. Their mitigating effects and the mechanism of their action need to be further addressed if we are to understand the role of phytochemicals in health and diseases. Keywords: Adverse Effects; Food Legumes; Health Benefits; Phytochemicals; Natural Toxins","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"116-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70512692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity in Ethiopian mustard ( Bbrassica carinata a. braun)","authors":"Abebe Delesa, A. Wakjira, K. Belete","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53216","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center in order to estimate the extent of genetic variation in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). In this study, genetic diversity in 60 Ethiopian mustard genotypes, collected from 16 regions of Ethiopia, were assessed using the techniques of cluster and principal component analyses based on 16 traits. All traits were significantly (P and 19% of the variations, respectively. Days to flowering, days to maturity, seed yield/plot, oil yield/plot and biomass/plot were the most important traits contributing to the total variation of the first principal component, implying the existence of great potential to improve these traits through selection. Keywords: Brassica carinata; Cluster Analysis; Ethiopian Mustard; Genetic Diversity","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"170-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Urediospore Movement and Monitoring Epidemics of Stem Rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici) on Durum Wheat in Southeastern Ethiopia","authors":"K. Tadesse, B. Hundie","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53531","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici is a significant wheat production constraint in southeastern Ethiopia. Burkard 7-days volumetric spore trap was mounted in a field at Sinana Agricultural Research Center to examine the seasonal movement of urediospores of P. graminis f.sp.tritici during the cropping seasons of 2001-2006. Disease trap plots were also established to monitor the epidemics of stem rust on durum wheat at three major wheat growing and rust prone districts of Bale highlands viz., Sinana, Agarfa and Herero. Results showed that urediospores exist in the air throughout the year though the concentration considerably varied among the months and seasons, possibly because of the variation in weather condition and cropping time. The highest urediospores catch (613.8 - 2629.7 urediospores per m3 of air) was observed during the months of October/November-January. Number of urediospores per m3 of air was generally low but was rarely reduced to zero during the months of crop free period. Low to moderate levels of stem rust epidemics (not exceeding 30%) were recorded on durum wheat cultivars used for traps. Exceptions were at Sinana in 2001 and at Herero in 2002 and 2005 cropping seasons during which up to 60% stem rust severity levels were recorded. On the other hand, the level of stem rust severity (up to 80%) on some commercial bread wheat varieties included in this study for comparison revealed the development of high disease pressure. Durum wheat cultivars Cocorit 71, Gerardo, DZ 1928-2, DZ-2234 and CD 95759-11M showed resistant reaction to stem rust consistently over locations and years. This points to the existence of a high level of durable resistance in the tetraploid wheat species to the existing stem rust pathotypes in the most suitable environment for the development of the disease. Keywords: Durum Wheat; Epidemics; Stem Rust; Urediospores","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"178-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Yield and Yield Components of Field Pea to Tillage Frequency, Phosphorus Fertilization and Weed Control on Nitisols of Central Ethiopian Highlands","authors":"G. Agegnehu, H. Beyene","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53215","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The effects of tillage frequency, phosphorus fertilizer and weed control on yield and yield components of field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) were studied in the 2003 and 2004 main cropping seasons on farmers’ fields in the Chelia and Welmera Districts of west Shewa, Ethiopia. Four levels of tillage frequency (T4 = April, May, early June and at planting; T3 = May, early June and at planting; T2 = May and at planting and T1= at planting) as main plots and factorial combinations of four levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P ha-1) and two levels of weeding (W1 = no weeding and W2 = hand weeding once) were arranged as sub-plots in split-plot design with three replications. The results indicated a highly significant positive response of mean field pea seed yield, total biomass and number of pods per plant to tillage frequency, phosphorus fertilizer and weeding treatments. Plowing twice, three and four times including the last pass for seed covering resulted in mean seed yield advantages of 38, 55 and 43%, respectively, compared to the control. Application of phosphorus fertilizer at the rates of 10, 20 and 30 kg P ha-1 increased mean seed yields by 30, 53 and 50%, respectively, compared to the control. Weeding once by hand increased mean seed yield by 16% compared to the unweeded check. Tillage frequency by P fertilizer and weed control interaction significantly affected seed yield. The highest mean seed yield of two years for the tillage, P fertilizer and weed control interaction was obtained from three plowings, 20 kg P ha-1 and weeding once by hand. The yield increment was higher by 232% compared to the control, namely planting with the first pass of ox-drawn implement, with no P application and unweeded condition. Seed yield was highly significantly and positively correlated with total biomass (r = 0.93**), pods per plant (r = 0.54**), plant height (r = 0.54**), seeds per pod (r = 0.41**) and thousand seeds weight (r = 0.37**). The results of economic analysis indicated that the treatment with three times tillage, application of 20 kg P ha-1 and weeding once by hand is the best option with a marginal rate of return of 423%, which is economically the most feasible alternative. Keywords: Field Pea; Nitisols; Phosphorus; Tillage Frequency; Weed Control","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining ability and gene action in crosses among Asian and Ethiopian genotypes of hot pepper ( Capsicum annuum l. var. annuum)","authors":"Fekadu Marame, Harjit Singh, L. Desalegne, C. Fininsa, R. Sigvald","doi":"10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53214","url":null,"abstract":"Lack of availability/scarcity of genetic information has limited improvement work on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) in Ethiopia. However, information regarding the types and relative importance of gene actions can be generated using combining ability analysis and utilized in the selection of suitable genotypes for hybridization and for obtaining promising hybrids. This study aimed to generate useful information with respect to combining ability and gene action from p(p + 1)/2 half-diallel crossing pattern using twelve selected hot pepper genotypes of Ethiopian and Asian origins. Twelve parental lines and their 66 F1s were tested in randomized complete block design with three replications at Melkasa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, in 2004/2005 cropping season. Significant GCA and SCA effects were obtained for dry fruit yield per plant and related traits. The results showed the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions with the predominance of the non-additive variances for dry fruit yield per plant and related traits, except for plant height and fruit length. An efficient breeding strategy for hot pepper could, therefore, be based on recurrent selection, inbred-derived hybrids or multiple crossing using genetically diverse hot pepper genotypes. Keywords : Breeding Strategy; Capsicum spp.; Diallel Analysis; Fruit Yield; Genetic Diversity; Hybrids","PeriodicalId":33393,"journal":{"name":"East African Journal of Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"153-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EAJSCI.V3I2.53214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}